Table 2.
Study design and characteristic of selected randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the impact of macronutrient distribution on sleep quality.
| Citation | Study Design | Country | Population | n | Age [mean, SD] (y) | BMI [mean, SD] | Control | Intervention | Intervention Duration | Sleep Evaluation | Quality Assessment Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lindseth et al., 2013 [41] | Double-blind Crossover | USA | Healthy | 44 | 20.6 (2.0) | 24.8 (3.5) | 35% FAT 50% CHO 15% PRO |
High-FAT (56% FAT, 22% CHO, 22% PRO) High-CHO (22% FAT, 56% CHO, 22% PRO) High-PRO (22% FAT, 22% CHO, 56% PRO) |
4 days (2-wk washout) | SL, SE% | 12 |
| Karl et al., 2015 [42] | Block | USA | Healthy | 39 | 21.0 (3.7) | 25.0 (3.7) | 31% FAT 55% CHO 14% PRO |
Moderate-PRO [30% FAT, 43%CHO, 27%PRO] High-PRO [30%FAT, 28%CHO, 42%PRO] *40% energy deficit |
21 days | SL | 7 |
| Lindseth & Murray, 2016 [18] | Crossover | USA | Healthy | 36 | 20.9 (1.9) | 24.6 (4.1) | 35% FAT 50% CHO 15% PRO) |
High-FAT (65% FAT, 25% CHO, 10% PRO) High-CHO (10% FAT, 80% CHO, 10% PRO) High-PRO (15% FAT, 40% CHO, 45% PRO) |
4 days (2-wk washout) | Sleep duration (Nocturnal), PSQI, SL, SE% | 12 |
| Zhou et al., 2016 [17] | Crossover | USA | Overweight/Obese | 14 | 56.0 (3.0) | 30.9 (0.6) | 25% FAT 65% CHO 10% PRO |
Moderate-PRO (25% FAT, 55% CHO, 20% PRO) High-PRO (25% FAT, 45% CHO, 30% PRO) *750kcal energy deficit |
4 weeks | Sleep duration (Nocturnal), PSQI |
10 |
| Average Score | 10.3 | ||||||||||
BMI (body mass index); CHO (dietary carbohydrate), FAT (dietary fat); PRO (dietary protein); PSQI (Pittsburgh sleep quality index); SL (sleep latency); SE% (sleep efficiency). *Intervention diet included an energy deficit from the subjects’ normal diet.