Table 3.

Evidence of the antidiabetic effects of curcumin: in vivo genetic diabetes animal studies.

Animal	Curcumin Concentration/Duration	Serum Effects	Other Effects	Reference
KK-Ay mice	1500 mg/kg b.w./day; 4 weeks	↓ Glucose	No measured effects	[52]
KK-Ay mice	137, 620 and 1500 mg/kg b.w./day; 4 weeks	↓ Glucose	No measured effects	[53]
C57BL/KsJ-db/db Mice	0.02%, wt/wt; 6 weeks	↓ Glucose ↓ HbA1C ↑ Insulin ↓ Fatty acid ↓ Cholesterol ↓ Triglyceride	Liver: ↑ Glucokinase activity ↓ G6Pase activity ↓ PEPCK activity ↓ FAS activity ↓ β-oxidation activity ↓ CPT activity ↓ HMG-CoA reductase activity ↓ ACAT activity ↓ CAT activity ↓ GSH-Px activity ↓ MDA level	[54]
db/db mice	200 mg/kg/day; 18 weeks	↓ Glucose	↓ Body weight Kidney: ↓ Albuminuria ↓ Glomerular sclerosis ↓ Mesangial area expansion ↓ Thickening of membrane ↓ ECM deposition ↓ Phospho-STAT3 ↑ IκB protein	[55]
db/db mice	60 mg/kg/day; 4 weeks	↓ Glucose	Kidney and liver: ↓ Mitochondrial dysfunction ↓ State 3 O2 consumption ↓ State 4 O2 consumption ↓ TBARS level Liver: ↑ ATPase activity ↑ NO synthesis	[56]
OLETF rats	100 mg/kg/day; 45 weeks	↓ Glucose ↓ Triglyceride ↓ Cholesterol ↑ Insulin	↑ β cell function ↓ Glomerular hypertrophy ↓ GMB thickness ↓ Albuminuria Kidney: ↓ MDA ↑ SOD ↑ Nrf2 and HO-1 protein ↑ Phospho-AMPK and ACC ↓ SREBP-1, -2 and ADRP	[58]
Leprdb/db mice	1500 mg/kg b.w./day	↓ Glucose ↓ HbA1c ↑ Insulin	↓ β-cell loss ↑ Ki-67-positive ↑ Insulin production ↑ Lean body mass ↑ Lifespan	[59]
C57BL/KsJ db/db mice	200 mg/kg/day; 16 weeks	↓ Glucose ↓ Creatinine ↓ Urea	↓ Renal hypertrophy ↓ Glomerular matrix ↓ Kidney weight ↓ NLRP3 protein ↓ Collagen IV and fibronectin ↓ IL-1β protein ↓ Caspase-1 protein	[60]

↓ Reduced effect; ↑ Increased effect.