Table 3.
Life-stage-specific micronutrient deficiencies in Europe.
| Select Micronutrients | Recommended Dietary Allowance [143] | Reported Mean Micronutrient Intakes, Min–Max [114] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Children, M/F a 4–8 years 9–13 years 14–18 years |
Adults, M/F 19–50 years b |
Older age, M/F 51 to >70 years |
Children, M/F |
Adults, M/F 19–50 years |
Older age, M/F 51 to >70 years |
|
| 4–6 years | ||||||
| 7–9 years | ||||||
| 10–14 years | ||||||
| 15–18 years | ||||||
| Vitamin C, mg/day | 25 45 75/65 |
90/75 | 90/75 | 60–157/61–157 | 64–153/62–153 | 59–142/60–160 |
| 63–172/57–172 | ||||||
| 73–197/77–222 | ||||||
| 71–201/67–205 | ||||||
| Vitamin D, μg/day | 15 | 15 | 15–20 | 1.8–5.8/1.5–6.5 | 1.6–10.9/1.2–10.1 | 0.7–15.0/0.7–12.9 |
| 1.5–6.4/1.5–5.1 | ||||||
| 1.5–4.8/1.2–4.5 | ||||||
| 1.8–7.5/1.5–7.1 | ||||||
| Vitamin A, μg/day | 400 600 900/700 |
900/700 | 900/700 | 400–1100/400–1200 | 500–2200/500–2200 | 500–2500/400–2300 |
| 400–1300/400–1100 | ||||||
| 400–2400/300–2300 | ||||||
| 400–1800/300–1600 | ||||||
| Vitamin E, mg/day | 7 11 15 |
15 | 15 | 5.3–9.8/5.1–9.8 | 3.3–17.7/4.2–16.1 | 6.3–13.7/6.7–13.7 |
| 6.3–11.2/5.9–13.3 | ||||||
| 5.9–14.5/5.6–18.1 | ||||||
| 6.8–20.8/6.0–15.5 | ||||||
| Vitamin B6, mg/day | 0.6 1.0 1.3/1.2 |
1.3 | 1.7/1.5 | 1.3–1.8/1.0–1.9 | 1.6–3.5/1.3–2.1 | 1.2–3.0/1.2–2.9 |
| 1.2–2.5/1.1–1.9 | ||||||
| 1.2–2.8/1.1–2.7 | ||||||
| 1.5–3.1/1.2–2.5 | ||||||
| Vitamin B12, μg/day | 1.2 1.8 2.4 |
2.4 | 2.4 | 2.7–5.3/2.6–5.0 | 1.9–9.3/1.0–8.8 | 3.1–8.2/2.5–7.5 |
| 3.6–5.5/2.2–5.3 | ||||||
| 3.2–11.8/2.2–11.1 | ||||||
| 4.9–7.5/3.5–5.2 | ||||||
| Folate, μg/day | 200 300 400 |
300–400 | 400 | 120–256/109–199 | 203–494/131–392 | 139–343/121–335 |
| 144–290/133–264 | ||||||
| 149–428/140–360 | ||||||
| 190–365/154–298 | ||||||
| Zinc, mg/day | 5 8 11/9 |
11/8 | 11/8 | 6.0–9.2/5.3–8.9 | 8.6–14.6/6.7–10.7 | 7.5–12.3/6.7–11.2 |
| 7.0–10.9/6.4–9.4 | ||||||
| 7.0–14.6/6.1–13.9 | ||||||
| 9.3–15.2/6.4–11.0 | ||||||
| Iron, mg/day | 10 8 11/15 |
8/18 | 8 | 7.3–10.6/6.8–10.6 | 10.6–26.9/8.2–22.2 | 10.2–25.2/8.5–20.9 |
| 8.4–11.8/7.7–11.8 | ||||||
| 9.2–19.4/7.7–14.8 | ||||||
| 10.2–19.0/7.8–14.0 | ||||||
| Copper, μg/day | 440 700 890 |
900 | 900 | 700–2200/700–2000 | 1100–2300/1000–2200 | 1100–1900/900–1900 |
| 900–2800/800–2600 | ||||||
| 800–2900/700–2800 | ||||||
| 1200–3400/800–2100 | ||||||
| Selenium, μg/day | 30 40 55 |
55 | 55 | 23–61/24–61 | 36–73/31–54 | 39–62/34–55 |
| 27–41/26–58 | ||||||
| 29–110/28–104 | ||||||
| 39–59/30–38 | ||||||
| Magnesium, mg/day | 130 240 410/360 |
400–420/310–320 | 420/320 | 171–267/166–267 | 256–465/192–372 | 221–403/179–348 |
| 204–303/166–301 | ||||||
| 200–503/181–429 | ||||||
| 260–467/186–369 | ||||||
a Although adequate intake values are provided by the Institute of Medicine for infants (0–12 months) and recommended dietary allowances for children (1–3 years) [143], there are scarce data regarding micronutrient deficiencies in this age groups in industrialized countries and these ages have therefore not been included in this table; b values differ in pregnancy and lactation. F, females; M, males. Reported micronutrient intakes in bold are below the recommended dietary allowances.