Table 3.
Mineral and trace element concentrations of HM across four months of lactation by presence or absence of SCM.
| Day 2 | Day 17 | Day 30 | Day 60 | Day 90 | Day 120 | Overall p Value 1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium (mg/L) | SCM | 256 ± 73 * | 281 ± 54 | 296 ± 47 | 299 ± 41 | 288 ± 45 | 271 ± 36 | 0.003 |
| (n = 91) | (n = 97) | (n = 84) | (n = 78) | (n = 74) | (n = 71) | |||
| Normal | 295 ± 72 | 293 ± 55 | 296 ± 51 | 301 ± 45 | 297 ± 48 | 284 ± 42 | ||
| (n = 111) | (n = 192) | (n = 174) | (n = 166) | (n = 156) | (n = 148) | |||
| Phosphorus (mg/L) | SCM | 109 ± 41 * | 150 ± 31 * | 149 ± 29 * | 138 ± 21 | 128 ± 18 | 126 ± 20 | <0.0001 |
| (n = 91) | (n = 97) | (n = 84) | (n = 78) | (n = 74) | (n = 71) | |||
| Normal | 144 ± 32 | 169 ± 28 | 155 ± 24 | 139 ± 21 | 133 ± 20 | 131 ± 22 | ||
| (n = 111) | (n = 192) | (n = 174) | (n = 166) | (n = 156) | (n = 148) | |||
| Iron (μg/L) | SCM | 601 ± 392 * | 461 ± 310* | 346 ± 162 | 292 ± 141 | 264 ± 140 | 216 ± 103 | <0.0001 |
| (n = 91) | (n = 97) | (n = 84) | (n = 78) | (n = 74) | (n = 71) | |||
| Normal | 415 ± 193 | 389 ± 186 | 326 ± 137 | 278 ± 132 | 245 ± 127 | 262 ± 502 | ||
| (n = 111) | (n = 192) | (n = 174) | (n = 166) | (n = 156) | (n = 148) | |||
| Selenium (μg/L) | SCM | 37 ± 19 * | 19 ± 6 | 15 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 10 ± 2 | 9 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
| (n = 91) | (n = 97) | (n = 84) | (n = 78) | (n = 74) | (n = 71) | |||
| Normal | 26 ± 12 | 18 ± 3 | 15 ± 3 | 12 ± 2 | 10 ± 2 | 10 ± 6 | ||
| (n = 111) | (n = 192) | (n = 174) | (n = 166) | (n = 156) | (n = 148) | |||
| Manganese (μg/L) | SCM | 6.6 ± 3.9 * | 4.4 ± 1.6 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 3.4 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 |
| (n = 79) | (n = 41) | (n = 26) | (n = 22) | (n = 19) | (n = 13) | |||
| Normal | 5.8 ± 3.1 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 2.2 | ||
| (n = 92) | (n = 103) | (n = 75) | (n = 45) | (n = 36) | (n = 37) | |||
| Zinc (μg/L) | SCM | 7975 ± 3093 * | 3234 ± 1274 | 2422 ± 906 | 1616 ± 1208 | 1113 ± 521 | 996 ± 520 | <0.0001 |
| (n = 91) | (n = 97) | (n = 84) | (n = 78) | (n = 74) | (n = 71) | |||
| Normal | 7178 ± 2734 | 3590 ± 1051 | 2686 ± 872 | 1599 ± 692 | 1219 ± 571 | 1031 ± 563 | ||
| (n = 111) | (n = 192) | (n = 174) | (n = 166) | (n = 153) | (n = 148) | |||
| Copper (μg/L) | SCM | 533 ± 267 * | 529 ± 135 | 423 ± 86 | 325 ± 74 | 268 ± 72 | 221 ± 69 | <0.001 |
| (n = 91) | (n = 97) | (n = 84) | (n = 78) | (n = 74) | (n = 71) | |||
| Normal | 472 ± 175 | 522 ± 111 | 422 ± 89 | 304 ± 76 | 256 ± 77 | 228 ± 89 | ||
| (n = 111) | (n = 192) | (n = 174) | (n = 166) | (n = 156) | (n = 148) |
1 The mineral and trace element concentrations of HM across lactation were analyzed by using linear mixed model with milk concentration (of a particular mineral and trace element) as dependent variables with the age of infant, SCM status, interaction between the age and the SCM status, the country of origin, the mode of delivery, and the gestational age of the infant at birth as factors. * Statistical significance of the difference between mothers with SCM and without SCM for a particular time point with p value <0.05.