Table 1.
Metabolic markers after 6-week post-weaning feeding 1.
| NFCO-NF | NFCO-HF | NFCS-HF | HFCO-HF | HFCS-HF | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male offspring | |||||||
| Serum | Insulin (ng/mL) | 0.66 ± 0.21 a | 2.15 ± 0.40 b | 1.37 ± 0.58 a | 1.02 ± 0.16 a | 1.43 ± 0.18 a | 0.003 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 1.83 ± 0.41 a | 16.64 ± 4.55 b | 10.23 ± 3.36 a,b | 13.21 ± 3.27 b | 8.21 ± 1.81 a | 0.045 | |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 55.0 ± 17.3 | 133.0 ± 91.9 | 60.7 ± 15.8 | 67.2 ± 23.1 | 121.4 ± 76.6 | 0.796 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 76.9 ± 10.8 | 78.8 ± 9.4 | 89.9 ± 9.4 | 86.5 ± 9.4 | 81.7 ± 9.4 | 0.872 | |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 0.72 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.07 | 0.76 ± 0.07 | 0.631 | |
| Liver | Triglycerides (mg/g tissue) | 6.07 ± 1.90 | 10.55 ± 1.64 | 8.99 ± 1.64 | 8.14 ± 1.64 | 9.04 ± 1.64 | 0.507 |
| Female offspring | |||||||
| Serum | Insulin (ng/mL) | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.08 | 0.62 ± 0.10 | 0.750 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 2.14 ± 0.60 a | 7.74 ± 1.88 b | 5.79 ± 0.30 a | 4.39 ± 1.16 a | 4.24 ± 1.21 a | 0.069 | |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 31.1 ± 11.3 | 45.0 ± 11.5 | 28.8 ± 6.8 | 47.9 ± 15.9 | 86.0 ± 46.3 | 0.500 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 101.2 ± 15.1 | 79.2 ± 13.1 | 82.2 ± 14.0 | 83.2 ± 12.3 | 68.5 ± 13.1 | 0.609 | |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 1.48 ± 0.23 | 0.94 ± 0.23 | 1.10 ± 0.19 | 1.07 ± 0.19 | 0.73 ± 0.19 | 0.204 | |
| Liver | Triglycerides (mg/g tissue) | 6.36 ± 1.43 a | 10.66 ± 1.23 b | 11.03 ± 1.32 b | 6.81± 1.16 a | 10.72 ± 1.23 b | 0.023 |
1 Different diets were fed to dams 4 weeks before timed-mating and throughout gestation. n = 6 in the NFCO-NF group for each sex; n = 8 in the other groups for each sex. Data were analyzed using the general linear model. a,b different letters represent statistical significance between groups in post-hoc analyses. Values represent means ± SEM. HF, high-fat; NF, normal-fat; CO, untreated control without choline; CS, choline supplemented.