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. 2019 Dec 30;11(1):50. doi: 10.3390/mi11010050

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of substrate composition (stiffness and presence of AuNW) on the differentiation of hAMSCs to osteo/chondrogenic fate characterized by (A) alizarin red and toluidine blue staining and (B) immunohistochemical staining. hAMSCs were differentiated on microfluidic channels containing fibrin scaffolds of varying stiffness with and without AuNW. The relative mean fluorescence intensity (RFU) was applied to characterize the expression of cell surface markers (antibody staining) of osteo/chondrogenic. The mean optical density was used to characterize the calcification and proteoglycans formation. S1/Au⁺ is a low concentration of fibrin components with AuNWs, and S1/Au⁻ is a low concentration of fibrin components without AuNWs. S2/Au⁺ is a high concentration of fibrin components with AuNWs, and S2/Au⁻ is a low concentration of fibrin components without AuNWs. ** Significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.01).