Table 1.
Characteristics of participants (2011–2013) and their health checkup results (2014–2015) stratified by the cumulative means of vegetable dietary pattern scores.
| 2014 (n = 15,409) | 2015 (n = 14,999) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value | All | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value | |
| Age (years) | 62 (52, 69) | 53 (37, 62) | 61 (49, 67) | 64 (57, 70) | 68 (62, 73) | <0.001 | 62 (52, 69) | 53 (38, 62) | 61 (49, 67) | 64 (57, 70) | 68 (62, 73) | <0.001 |
| Women (%) | 60.6 | 57.8 | 57.2 | 61.0 | 66.4 | <0.001 | 61.1 | 56.6 | 59.5 | 61.8 | 66.6 | <0.001 |
| Education ≥ vocational university (%) | 24.4 | 27.5 | 25.5 | 21.7 | 22.8 | <0.001 | 24.5 | 27.4 | 26.2 | 21.4 | 23.1 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 14.8 | 23.8 | 17.0 | 11.0 | 7.5 | <0.001 | 14.9 | 23.7 | 16.7 | 11.9 | 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Current alcohol drinking (%) | 45.1 | 47.2 | 48.2 | 44.6 | 40.5 | <0.001 | 45.9 | 49.2 | 47.3 | 45.4 | 41.5 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity ≥ 2 times/week (%) | 41.3 | 24 | 35.7 | 46.6 | 58.9 | <0.001 | 41.0 | 24.2 | 35.5 | 45.7 | 58.5 | <0.001 |
| Distress scale ≥ 13 (%) | 12.3 | 14.4 | 11.8 | 11.3 | 11.6 | <0.001 | 12.3 | 15.0 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 11.3 | <0.001 |
| Live at shelter/temporary/rental house (%) | 44.6 | 52.7 | 45.9 | 41.1 | 38.6 | <0.001 | 45.2 | 52.9 | 45.9 | 43.0 | 38.9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23 (21, 26) | 23 (21, 26) | 23 (21, 26) | 23 (21, 26) | 23 (21, 25) | 0.354 | 23 (21, 26) | 23 (21, 26) | 23 (21, 26) | 23 (21, 26) | 23 (21, 25) | 0.007 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (%) | 30.1 | 31.3 | 30.6 | 30.0 | 28.6 | 0.071 | 30.1 | 31.6 | 31.4 | 30.2 | 27.2 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 44.8 | 33.4 | 43 | 49.3 | 53.6 | <0.001 | 45.9 | 35.2 | 44.7 | 50.1 | 53.4 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126 (114, 136) | 122 (110, 132) | 124 (114, 134) | 128 (116, 136) | 128 (118, 138) | <0.001 | 126 (116, 136) | 122 (112, 132) | 126 (114, 134) | 128 (118, 136) | 130 (120, 138) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74 (68, 80) | 74 (66, 80) | 74 (68, 80) | 74 (68, 80) | 74 (68, 80) | 0.036 | 74 (68, 80) | 74 (68, 82) | 74 (68, 82) | 74 (68, 80) | 74 (68, 80) | 0.929 |
| Fast blood glucose (mg/dL) | 96 (89, 104) | 93 (87, 101) | 95 (89, 103) | 96 (90, 105) | 97 (91, 106) | <0.001 | 96 (90, 105) | 94 (88, 103) | 96 (90, 105) | 97 (90, 106) | 97 (91, 107) | <0.001 |
| Fast blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL (%) | 6.1 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 0.01 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 0.014 |
| HbA1c1 (%) | 5.5 (5.3, 5.8) | 5.4 (5.2, 5.7) | 5.5 (5.3, 5.8) | 5.5 (5.3, 5.8) | 5.6 (5.3, 5.8) | <0.001 | 5.5 (5.3, 5.8) | 5.4 (5.2, 5.7) | 5.5 (5.3, 5.8) | 5.6 (5.3, 5.8) | 5.6 (5.4, 5.9) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c1 ≥ 6.5% (%) | 6.6 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 0.002 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 8 | 0.024 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 229 (204, 258) | 231 (203, 262) | 230 (204, 259) | 230 (204, 258) | 227 (203, 254) | <0.001 | 230 (204, 258) | 229 (203, 261) | 231 (206, 259) | 229 (204, 257) | 229 (204, 254) | 0.010 |
| Total cholesterol ≥ 220 mg/dL (%) | 59.2 | 60 | 59.8 | 59.4 | 57.8 | 0.181 | 59.5 | 58.6 | 60.9 | 59.9 | 58.7 | 0.143 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 120 (101, 141) | 121 (100, 144) | 121 (101, 142) | 120 (100, 141) | 120 (101, 139) | 0.005 | 120 (101, 141) | 121 (100, 143) | 122 (102, 142) | 120 (101, 141) | 119 (101, 139) | 0.007 |
| LDL-C ≥ 140 mg/dL (%) | 27 | 29.2 | 27.9 | 26.3 | 24.7 | <0.001 | 26.8 | 28.6 | 27.6 | 26.1 | 25.0 | 0.002 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 59 (50, 70) | 59 (50, 70) | 59 (50, 70) | 60 (50, 71) | 60 (51, 70) | 0.318 | 60 (50, 71) | 60 (50, 71) | 59 (50, 70) | 60 (50, 71) | 60 (51, 71) | 0.098 |
| HDL-C < 40 mg/dL (%) | 5.3 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 0.370 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 0.011 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 93 (67, 131) | 93 (64, 136) | 92 (66, 132) | 94 (68, 132) | 92 (68, 126) | 0.586 | 92 (66, 131) | 91 (63, 135) | 94 (67, 133) | 92 (67, 130) | 91 (68, 125) | 0.216 |
| Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL (%) | 18.1 | 19.9 | 18.6 | 18.2 | 15.6 | <0.001 | 17.8 | 20.1 | 18.2 | 17.7 | 15.1 | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 9.2 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 9.7 | 7.5 | 0.067 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 9.7 | 7.7 | 0.096 |
| Vegetable dietary pattern score | 0.01 (−0.66, 0.68) | −1.11 (−1.46, −0.86) | −0.31 (−0.48, −0.15) | 0.34 (0.18, 0.50) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.43) | <0.001 | 0 (−0.67, 0.67) | −1.12 (−1.46, −0.87) | −0.32 (−0.48, −0.16) | 0.33 (0.17, 0.49) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.43) | <0.001 |
Results expressed as a median (25th and 75th percentile) or a percentage. p-Values resulting from nonparametric ANOVA comparing the median or chi-square test comparing proportions across the four quartiles. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ANOVA, analysis of variance.