Table 1.
Viruses that infect the placenta via vertical or perinatal route. FGR: fetal growth restriction.
| Virus | Family | Host | Typical transmission route | Pregnancy outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rubella virus | Togaviridae | Humans | Aerosols, secretions |
Miscarriage, cognenital rubella syndromes (hearing loss, cataract, congenital heart disease, microcephaly etc.) |
| Herpes simplex virus | α-herpesviridae | Humans | Oral or sexual contact | Miscarriage, FGR, stillbirth in rare cases |
| Varicella zoster virus | α-herpesviridae | Humans | Aerosols, vesicles | Miscarriage, FGR, congenital varicella syndromes(skin and limb malformation, cataracts, microcephaly, hydrocephalus etc.) |
| Cytomegalovirus | β-herpesviridae | Humans, monkeys |
Direct contact (bodily fluids, blood, saliva, urine and breastmilk) | Premature birth, FGR, congenital disorders (microcephaly, hearing loss, vision loss, seisure, intellectual disability etc.) |
| Coxsackievirus B | Picornaviridae | Humans | Aerosols, fecal-oral route |
Miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal sepsis |
| Zika virus | Flaviviridae | Humans, monkeys |
Mosquito, sexual | Miscarriage, microcephaly |
| Dengue virus | Flaviviridae | Humans | Mosquito, breast milk |
Miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth |
| Ebola virus | Filoviridae | Humans, bats, primates | Blood, bodily fluids | Miscarriage, stillbirth |
| Marburg virus | Filoviridae | Human, bats | Blood, bodily fluids | Miscarriage, stillbirth |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | Retroviridae | Humans | Blood, bodily fluids | Miscarriage, stillbirth |
| Parvovirus B19 | Parvoviridae | Humans | Aerosols, saliva, blood | Miscarriage, fetal anemia, nonimmune hydrops fetalis |
| Lassa virus | Arenaviridae | Humans, rodents | Aerosols, contact with infected rodent hosts | Perinatal mortality |