Table 1.
Summary data pre and post gluten exclusion and comparison with recommendations.
| Variable | Dietary Recommendations or Normal Values | Time 0 | Time 1 | Time 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or % Energy Intake | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Weight | (kg) | 27 ± 18.4 | 29.5 ± 19.6 | 32.4 ± 21 | |
| Height | (cm) | 120.3 ± 26.7 | 125.4 ± 25.7 | 130.2 ± 25.3 | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | (kg/m2) | 17.05 ± 4.3 | 17.15 ± 4.4 | 17.6 ± 4.7 *** | |
| BMI >85 percentile | (% of total patients) | 3 | 4 | 4 | |
| Waist to Height Ratio | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | ||
| Wrist Circumference | (cm) | 13.1 ± 1.6 | 13.2 ± 1.7 | 13 ± 1.7 | |
| Homeostasis Model Assessment IR | 1.1 ± 0.76 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 2 | ||
| Homocysteine | (micromole/L) | (5–15) | 10.7 ± 11.3 | 9.2 ± 6.6 | 8.6 ± 3.9 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | (mmHg) | 93.9 ± 11.5 | 97.7 ± 14.9 | 93.4 ± 13.2 | |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | (mmHg) | 57.8 ± 8.4 | 60 ± 6.4 | 57.8 ± 9.1 | |
| Total Cholesterol | (mg/dL) | 152 ± 21.9 | 151.1 ± 30.2 | 153.4 ± 25.7 | |
| High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | (mg/dL) | 53.9 ± 14.8 | 56.8 ± 14.9 | 60.7 ± 13.4 *** | |
| Triglycerides | (mg/dL) | 66.4 ± 39.4 | 56.7 ± 21.2 | 53.7 ± 22.3 | |
| Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | (mg/dL) | 88.4 ± 21.7 | 86.1 ± 23.7 | 85.5 ± 21.7 ** | |
| Glucose | (mg/dL) | 76 ± 7.9 | 80.7 ± 9.4 | 83.7 ± 11.7 * | |
| Total Calories | (Kcal/day) | 1925.9 ± 504.1 | 1786 ± 401.8 ^^^ | 1703.5 ± 376.4 ^^^ | 1698.33 ± 377.46 ^^^ |
| Males <10 years | (Kcal/day) | 1502 ± 321 | 1455 ± 224 | 1510 ± 307 | |
| Males 10–14 years | (Kcal/day) | 1833 ± 299 | 1913 ± 266 | 1880 ± 343 | |
| Males 15–18 years | (Kcal/day) | 2197 ± 326 | 2143 ± 365 | 1960 ± 236 | |
| Girls <10 years | (Kcal/day) | 1540 ± 250 | 1522 ± 215 | 1580 ± 231 | |
| Girls 10–14 years | (Kcal/day) | 1955 ± 386 | 1995 ± 252 | 1966 ± 285 | |
| Girls 15–18 years | (Kcal/day) | 1750 ± 115 | 2086 ± 164 | 1517 ± 400 | |
| Protein | (g/day) | 26.2 ± 10.5 | 65 ± 21.9 ^^^ | 64.8 ± 19.1 ^^^ | 62 ± 19.3 ^^^ |
| Protein | (% of energy intake) | <15% | 14.4 ± 3 ^^ | 15.1 ± 3.7 | 14.7 ± 3.8 ^^ |
| Lipid | (g/day) | 66.5 ± 16.8 | 72.8 ± 26.25 | 63.65 ± 16.9 | |
| Lipid | (% of energy intake) | 20–35 % energy | 33.7 ± 5.3 ^^^ | 37.8 ± 8.1 ^^^ | 33.7 ± 5.1 ^^^ |
| Saturated Fat | (g/day) | 25.15 ± 8.2 | 25.65 ± 9.1 | 21.3 ± 6.5 | |
| Saturated Fat | (% of energy intake) | 10% energy intake | 12.7 ± 3.4 ^^^ | 13.7 ± 4.9 | 11.2 ± 2.6 ^ |
| Unsaturated Fat | (g/day) | 36.5 ± 8.65 | 41.3 ± 15.5 | 36 ± 9.9 * | |
| Unsaturated Fat | (% of energy intake) | 20% energy intake | 18.6 ± 3.1 ^^^ | 21.4 ± 5.3 | 19.2 ± 3.2 ^^^,* |
| Omega-6 | (mg/day) | 4.3 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 4.9 | 2.9 ± 1.8 *** | |
| Omega-3 | (mg/day) | 0.32±0.25 | 0.36 ±0.36 | 0.33 ± 0.25 | |
| Omega-6: Omega-3 Ratio | 5–10:1 | 13.3 ± 5.5 ^ | 10.6 ± 9.2 ^ | 8.8 ± 3.1 ^,*** | |
| Carbohydrate | (g/day) | 240.9 ± 62.4 | 202.8 ± 48.45 | 225.2 ± 60.2 | |
| Carbohydrate | (% of energy intake) | <55% energy intake | 54 ± 6.8 | 48.4 ± 8.5 ^^^ | 52.9 ± 6.6 ^^^ |
| Simple Sugar | (g/day) | 79.3 ± 25 | 70 ± 21 | 75 ± 25 | |
| Simple Sugar | (% of energy intake) | <15% energy intake | 17.8 ± 4.6 | 17 ± 4.6 | 17.6 ± 5.6 |
| Fiber | (g/day) | 12.2 ± 4 | 14.1 ± 5.7 | 13.1 ± 5.2 * | |
| Fiber based on Caloric Intake | (g/1000 kcal) | 8.4 g/1000 kcal | 7.4 ± 1.6 ^^^ | 8.3 ± 2.6 | 8.2 ± 3.6 |
| Folate | (microgr/day) | 155.5 ± 66.6 | 121.4 ± 57.1 | 118.4 ± 63.5 *** |
Time 0: time before coeliac disease (CD) diagnosis; Time 1: 6 months after gluten-free diet (GFD) initiation; Time 2: one year after GFD initiation. SD: standard deviation. Recommended calorie and protein intakes were computed based on child age and gender and then averaged. For calories, the Schofield equation plus a median activity factor of 1.39 < 3 years, 1.57 between 3 and 10 years, and 1.73 > 10 years was estimated based on Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Dietary recommendations for energy. 2011. For protein intake, the average requirement was used. Statistically significant differences of T2 measurements: from time 0 at p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***); from recommended intake at p < 0.05(^), p < 0.01 (^^), p < 0.001 (^^^).