Table 2.
Effects of alcohol consumption in cardiovascular risk biomarkers, classical risk factors, and major events according to the amount of alcohol consumed.
| Cardiovascular Parameter | Low/Moderate Alcohol Consumption | Heavy/Binge Drinking |
|---|---|---|
| Intermediate biomarkers | ||
| Inflammation | + 1 | − |
| Oxidation | ± 1 | − |
| Thrombosis | + | ± |
| Classical risk factors | ||
| Lipid profile | + | − |
| Glucose metabolism | + | ± |
| Blood pressure | − | − |
| Major adverse cardiovascular events | ||
| Acute myocardial infarction | + | ± |
| Stroke | + | − |
| Cardiovascular mortality | + | − |
1 Differences observed depending on the type of alcoholic beverage consumed. “+” indicates protective effects (inverse association); “−” denotes detrimental effects (positive association); and “±” signifies neutral effects (lack of association) or inconclusive/contradictory results.