Table 1.
Descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the study participants according to the alternate Mediterranean Diet score.
| All (n = 258) | Low (0–2) (n = 60) | Moderate (3–5) (n = 166) | High (6–9) (n = 32) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (men) | 117 (45.3) | 30 (50.0) | 77 (46.4) | 10 (31.3) | 0.206 |
| Age (years) | 43.0 [36.0; 50.0] | 41.5 [35.0; 49.0] | 43.0 [37.0; 50.0] | 46.0 [37.8; 51.8] | 0.240 |
| Ethnicity (Caucasian) | 254 (98.4) | 58 (96.7) | 164 (98.8) | 32 (100.0) | 0.436 |
| Site | 0.010 | ||||
| Rural and semi-urban area | 121 (46.9) | 18 (30.0) | 85 (51.2) | 18 (56.2) | |
| Urban area | 137 (53.1) | 42 (70.0) | 81 (48.8) | 14 (43.8) | |
| Educational level 1 | 0.462 | ||||
| Lower | 185 (74.9) | 47 (81.0) | 115 (72.8) | 23 (74.2) | |
| Graduate or higher | 62 (25.1) | 11 (19.0) | 43 (27.2) | 8 (25.8) | |
| Regular physical activity | 186 (72.1) | 38 (63.3) | 121 (72.9) | 27 (84.4) | 0.093 |
| Tobacco exposure | 128 (49.6) | 30 (50.0) | 79 (47.6) | 19 (59.4) | 0.474 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 [22.6; 27.6] | 25.0 [22.0; 28.3] | 25.2 [22.8; 27.4] | 24.7 [22.2; 26.9] | 0.686 |
| Waist (cm) | 88.0 [79.0; 96.2] | 89.0 [81.0; 99.0] | 88.0 [79.0; 96.0] | 87.0 [75.0; 95.5] | 0.397 |
| Retinopathy | 102 (42.1) | 23 (38.3) | 66 (39.8) | 13 (40.6) | 0.949 |
| Microalbuminuria | 19 (7.4) | 6 (10.0) | 12 (7.2) | 1 (3.1) | 0.552 |
| Hypertension | 64 (24.8) | 11 (18.3) | 45 (27.1) | 8 (25.0) | 0.403 |
| Dyslipidemia | 102 (39.5) | 24 (40.0) | 67 (40.4) | 11 (34.4) | 0.815 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 20.0 [14.0; 29.0] | 20.5 [15.0; 27.8] | 20.0 [14.0; 29.0] | 20.5 [14.8; 30.0] | 0.785 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4 [7.0; 8.0] | 7.5 [7.1; 8.1] | 7.4 [6.9; 8.0] | 7.3 [7.0; 8.1] | 0.857 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 57.4 [53.0; 63.9] | 57.9 [53.8; 64.5] | 57.4 [52.2; 63.9] | 56.3 [53.0; 65.3] | 0.857 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176.0 [162.0; 200.0] | 174.0 [160.0; 193.0] | 176.0 [162.0; 200.0] | 186 [167.0; 202.0] | 0.459 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 100.0 [85.7; 115.0] | 102.0 [85.2; 116.0] | 98.1 [84.2; 115.0] | 103.0 [90.3; 114.0] | 0.711 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 63.0 [53.0; 75.0] | 57.5 [48.5; 72.2] | 63.5 [54.0; 75.8] | 69.0 [60.0; 73.8] | 0.025 |
| Triglycerides | 65.0 [52.0; 83.8] | 66.0 [52.8; 83.5] | 67.5 [53.0; 85.0] | 56.5 [47.8; 69.2] | 0.197 |
| aHEI | <0.001 | ||||
| Low (<45) | 195 (75.6) | 60 (100.0) | 126 (75.9) | 9 (28.1) | |
| High (≥45) | 63 (24.4) | 0 (0.0) | 40 (24.1) | 23 (71.9) | |
| aMED | 4.0 [3.0; 5.0] | 2.0 [1.0; 2.0] | 4.0 [3.0; 5.0] | 6.0 [6.0; 7.0] | <0.001 |
Data are shown as the median [interquartile range] or n (%). 1 There were 11 cases with missing information for educational level. Tobacco exposure, current or former smoker; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; aHEI, alternate Healthy Eating Index; aMED, alternate Mediterranean Diet Score.