Anticancer activity |
|
[70] |
Anti-inflammatory activity |
-
-
Inhibiting cell migration;
-
-
Inhibition of cytokine production;
-
-
Inhibition of inflammation mediator (D-limonene);
-
-
Inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis (D-limonene);
-
-
Interaction with 5-lipoxygenase, TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor), IL-6 (interleukin-6).
|
[49,52] |
Antibacterial activity |
-
-
Inhibiting activity against Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus capitis, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis;
-
-
Inhibiting activity against Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli.
|
[21,52,53] |
Antifungal activity |
-
-
Inhibiting activity against: Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parapsilosis strains (D-limonene, β-pinene, citral).
|
[21,52,56] |
Antiviral activity |
|
[57] |
Antiparasitic activity |
|
[58] |
Anticaries activity |
|
[54] |
Hepatoprotective and detoxification activity |
|
[71] |
Diabetes prevention |
-
-
Decreased glycolized haemoglobin (D-limonene);
-
-
Decreased gluconeogenesis enzymes: glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (D-limonene);
-
-
Decreased blood glucose (D-limonene).
|
[61] |
Anti-obesity activity |
-
-
Lowering cholesterol and preventing fat deposits (D-limonene);
-
-
Equalization of blood sugar (D-limonene);
-
-
Regeneration of pathological changes in the liver and pancreas.
|
[72] |
Effect on the digestive system |
-
-
Increased gastric motility and reduction of nausea (D-limonene);
-
-
Neutralization of stomach acids (D-limonene);
-
-
Relief of gastric reflux (D-limonene);
-
-
Increased bile flow.
|
[21] |
Lipolytic and cholesterol-lowering activity |
-
-
Reducing the level of triglycerides, LDL and increasing the level of HDL cholesterol in the blood;
-
-
Lowering cholesterol and arachidonic acid levels by stimulating liver enzymes and cytochromes;
-
-
Lipolytic effect (γ-terpinene and p-cymene).
|
[1,21,72] |
Effects on the nervous system |
|
[73] |