. 2020 Feb 7;11:167. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00167

TABLE 1.

Multilevel regressions of automaticity on habit repetition, habit repetition squared, self-control and general study habit strength.

	Automaticity
Parameter	Model 1 (H1a)			Model 2 (H1b)			Model 3 (H3a)			Model 4 (H3b-c)

	Estimate	SE	95% CI	Estimate	SE	95% CI	Estimate	SE	95% CI	Estimate	SE	95% CI
Fixed effects
Intercept (b₀₀)	2.241***	0.192	1.860, 2.622	2.000***	0.194	1.615, 2.385	0.033	0.615	−1.189, 1.254	0.103	0.586	−1.060, 1.266
Level 1
Habit repetition (b₁₀)	0.074***	0.008	0.058, 0.091	0.113***	0.009	0.095, 0.131	0.113***	0.009	0.095, 0.131	0.113***	0.009	0.095, 0.132
Habit repetition sq (b₂)				−0.001***	<0.001	−0.0013, −0.0008	−0.001***	<0.001	−0.0013, −0.0008	−0.001***	<0.001	−0.0013, −0.0008
Level 2
Self-control (b₀₁)							0.428***	0.128	0.174, 0.682	0.108	0.158	−0.204, 0.421
General study habit strength (b₀₂)										0.345***	0.108	0.131, 0.559
Random effects
Random intercept (VAR u₀)	3.192***	0.495	2.355, 4.326	3.216***	0.498	2.374, 4.358	2.843***	0.445	2.092, 3.682	2.591***	0.405	1.908, 3.521
Cov. rand. intercept, rand. slope (COV u₀, u₁)	−0.030*	0.015	−0.0593, −0.0004	−0.031*	0.015	−0.0612, −0.0013	−0.029*	0.015	−0.0583, −0.0005	−0.030*	0.014	−0.0575, −0.0030
Random slope (VAR u₁)	0.004***	<0.001	0.003, 0.006	0.004***	<0.001	0.003, 0.007	0.004***	<0.001	0.003, 0.007	0.004***	<0.001	0.003, 0.007

All estimated coefficients are unstandardized. Variables as specified in the model equations are in parentheses. CI, confidence interval; Habit repetition sq, habit repetition squared; VAR, variance; COV, covariance; Cov. rand. intercept, rand slope, covariation of the random intercept and the random slope. *p < 0.05, ***p <0.001.