Figure 1.

Photosynthetic metabolism under a changing environment. A multi-scale model representing the impact of key stress factors (high temperature, drought, and low soil fertilization levels) on photosynthetic performance associated with limitations to CO₂ diffusion factors and/or metabolic factors. Stomatal closure diminishes sub-stomatal and chloroplast CO₂ concentration (Ci and Cc, respectively) with a consequent reduction in photosynthetic rates (An). Under severe stress conditions, limitations to the activity of Calvin cycle enzymes (Rubisco, SBPase, etc.) and the photosynthetic electron transport rate (J), and the appearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), among others, are observed.