Table 1.

Literatures on effects of probiotic supplementation on migraine headache

authors and year	Type of article	Sample size	Type of probiotics	Duration of treatment	Results
De Roos N, Giezenaar C, Rovers J, et al. 2015 [89]	Clinical trial	29 patients	2 g/d of a probiotic food supplement (Ecologic(®)Barrier, 2.5 × 10(9) cfu/g)	12 weeks	1) number of migraine days/month decreased significantly 2) The MIDAS score improved 3) Headache Disability Inventory (HDI) did not change significantly
de Roos N, van Hemert S, Rovers J, et al. 2017 [130]	Randomized control trial	63 patients (probiotic (n = 31) placebo group (n = 32))	multispecies probiotic (5 × 109 colony-forming units) or placebo daily	12 weeks	No significant benefit from a multispecies probiotic compared to a placebo on the outcome parameters of migraine and intestinal integrity
James Sensenig N, Jeffrey Marrongelle D and CCN MJ S. T. 2001 [126]	Clinical trial	40 patients	Two nutritional formulations contained probiotics + minerals + vitamins + herbs	3 months	80% of the participants experienced significant improvements in quality of life and pain relief in more than half of the migraineurs
Martami F, Togha M, Seifishahpar M, et al. 2019 [127]	randomized double-blind controlled trial	40 episodic and 39 chronic migraine patients	14-strain probiotic mixture or placebo	10 weeks	Significant reduction in migraine attacks, migraine severity, and the number of abortive drugs in the probiotic group compare to the placebo group