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. 2020 Feb 11;8:e8533. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8533

Table 2. Vital landscape attributes as proposed by Aronson & Le Floc’h (1996).

Vital landscape attributes (VLAs)
Type, number and range of landform
The number of ecosystems
Type, number and range of land units
Diversity, length and intensity of former human uses
Diversity of present human uses
Number and proportions of land use types
Number and variety of ecotunes-zones
Number and types of corridors
Diversity of selected critical groups of organisms (functional groups)
Range and modalities of organisms regularly crossing ecotunes
Cycling indexes of the flow and exchanges of water, nutrients, and energy within and among ecosystems
Pattern and tempo water and nutrient movement
Level of anthropogenic transformation of landscape
Spread of disturbance
Number and importance of biological invasions
Nature and intensity of the different sources of degradation, whether legal or illegal