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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 14.
Published in final edited form as: Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019 Jan 9;59:9–20. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.01.009

Figure 6. Optogenetically-inspired stimulation.

Figure 6.

Cell-specific neuromodulation through optogenetics has inspired meticulous investigation of the basic mechanisms of neuromodulatory therapies. For instance, symptomatic control in PD animals can be achieved through excitation of parvalbumin-GPe neurons (A) and inhibition of Lim homeobox 6-GPe neurons (B), which can be optogenetically stimulated through ChR2 and Arch, respectively. Rather than being a non-specific stimulation modality, moving forward, new electrical stimulation approaches can aim to have specific intended differential effects at the cellular level (C).