Table 3.
Adjusted Subdistribution Hazard Ratios (SHRs) for the Subsequent Hospitalized Exacerbations in COPD Patients in Subpopulations Treated with Statins in Propensity Score Matched Cohorts
| Variable | COPD Patients with a First Hospitalized Exacerbation (Cohort 1) | COPD Frequent Exacerbators (Cohort 2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statin User (Ref: Non-User) | Statin User (Ref: Non-User) | |||||||
| SHR* | 95% CI | p-value | SHR* | 95% CI | p-value | |||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 0.92 | 0.84 | 1.01 | 0.088 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 1.08 | 0.351 |
| Male | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 0.000 |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| 40–54 | 0.75 | 0.56 | 1.01 | 0.055 | 0.89 | 0.58 | 1.35 | 0.569 |
| 55–64 | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.97 | 0.017 | 0.80 | 0.62 | 1.03 | 0.086 |
| 65–74 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.93 | 0.001 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 1.06 | 0.221 |
| ≧75 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.009 | 0.87 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.004 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||||
| No | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.95 | 0.001 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 1.03 | 0.143 |
| Yes | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.000 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 0.88 | 0.71 | 1.09 | 0.249 | 0.93 | 0.66 | 1.32 | 0.686 |
| Yes | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||||
| No | 0.87 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.041 | 0.85 | 0.68 | 1.06 | 0.150 |
| Yes | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.94 | <0.001 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.95 | 0.001 |
| Lung cancer | ||||||||
| No | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.92 | <0.001 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.95 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 1.06 | 0.89 | 1.26 | 0.511 | 0.86 | 0.66 | 1.12 | 0.261 |
| Osteoporosis | ||||||||
| No | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.91 | <0.001 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.97 | 0.009 |
| Yes | 0.97 | 0.89 | 1.05 | 0.397 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 0.97 | 0.015 |
| Depression | ||||||||
| No | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.95 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.95 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.002 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 1.06 | 0.194 |
| Tiotropium (LAMA) | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.95 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.93 | 0.000 |
| User | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.94 | 0.003 | 0.96 | 0.82 | 1.12 | 0.583 |
| ICS | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.95 | 0.001 |
| User | 0.91 | 0.81 | 1.02 | 0.097 | 0.90 | 0.77 | 1.05 | 0.176 |
| ICS/LABA combination | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.96 | 0.008 |
| User | 0.92 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.042 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.98 | 0.024 |
| Acetylcysteine | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.92 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.96 | 0.008 |
| User | 0.94 | 0.87 | 1.02 | 0.133 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.99 | 0.028 |
| Oral corticosteroids | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.92 | 0.000 | 0.71 | 0.57 | 0.88 | 0.002 |
| User | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.96 | 0.001 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.98 | 0.011 |
| Respiratory antibiotics | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.92 | <0.001 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.93 | 0.001 |
| User | 0.92 | 0.85 | 0.99 | 0.032 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 1.02 | 0.096 |
| Beta-blockers (Cardioselective) | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.94 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.006 |
| User | 0.85 | 0.75 | 0.96 | 0.010 | 0.74 | 0.60 | 0.93 | 0.008 |
| Beta-blockers (Non-cardioselective) | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.95 | 0.002 |
| User | 0.89 | 0.73 | 1.08 | 0.232 | 0.72 | 0.50 | 1.04 | 0.077 |
| ACEI | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.006 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.95 | 0.003 |
| User | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.92 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.039 |
| Aspirin | ||||||||
| Non-user | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.000 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.96 | 0.007 |
| User | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.96 | 0.001 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.99 | 0.030 |
Note: *Competing risk regression models were used to compute the subdistribution hazard ratios (SHRs) accompanying 95% CI for subsequent hospitalized exacerbation in each cohort.
Abbreviations: LAMA, Long-acting muscarinic antagonist; ICS, Inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, Long-acting beta agonist; ICS/LABA, Combination of inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta agonist; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.