Table 1.
Effects of Anesthetic Agents on Activity of Different Actors on Cancer Recurrence and Immunomodulation
| Lung Cell Retention | Cell Growth | Stress Response | NK Activity | Lymph Activity | Lymph Apoptosis | Th1/Th2 | NF-κB | TNFα | IL-2 | IL-6 | IL-8 | IFNγ | EGF | HIF-1α | MAPK | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intravenous drugs | ||||||||||||||||
| Propofol | = | = | + | = | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Barbiturates | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
| Ketamine | + | - | - | - | ||||||||||||
| Volatile agents | ||||||||||||||||
| Halothane | - | - | - | |||||||||||||
| Isoflurane | - | + | - | + | ||||||||||||
| Sevoflurane | - | - | - | + | - | |||||||||||
| Desflurane | = | + | ||||||||||||||
| Opioids | ||||||||||||||||
| Morphine | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| Fentanyl | - | - | ||||||||||||||
| Alfentanyl | - | - | ||||||||||||||
| Sufentanyl | - | - | ||||||||||||||
| Local anesthetics | - | - | - |
Notes: Modifications of different actors of the immune system and cancer recurrence are reported separately for each drug used in the perioperative period. =, no modifications; + increased activity; -, reduced activity.
Abbreviations: NK, natural killer; Lymph, lymphocytes; Th1/Th2, ratio between lymphocytes T helper 1 and 2; NF-ΚB, nuclear factor kappa B; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; IL, Interleukin; IFNγ, interferon γ; EGF, epidermal growth Factor; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.