Table 3.
Differential diagnoses of ARF1 20
| Arthritis | Carditis | Chorea |
| Septic arthritis | Mitral regurgitation | Drug intoxication |
| Connective tissue and other autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic vasculitis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis) | Mitral valve prolapse | Wilson disease |
| Viral arthropathy (eg, hepatitis, rubella, parvovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, Lyme disease) | Myxomatous mitral valve | Tic disorder and Tourette syndrome |
| Reactive arthritis | Fibroelastoma | Choreoathetoid cerebral palsy |
| Lyme disease | Congenital mitral valve disease | Encephalitis |
| Sickle cell anaemia | Congenital aortic valve disease | Familial chorea |
| Infective endocarditis | Infective endocarditis | Intracranial tumour |
| Leukaemia or lymphoma | Cardiomyopathy | Lyme disease |
| Gout and pseudogout | Myocarditis | Hormonal |
| Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis | Kawasaki disease | Metabolic (eg, Lesch-Nyhan, hyperalaninemia, ataxia telangiectasia) |
| Henoch-Schoenlein purpura | Pericarditis | Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome |
| Still’s disease | Autoimmune (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus), vasculitis, NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis) | |
| Sarcoidosis | ||
| Hormonal (eg, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, oral contraceptives) | ||
| Wilson disease | ||
| Drugs and toxins |
ARF, acute rheumatic fever; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody.