Appendix Table 1.

Summary Statistics of Health Outcome Measures

Dimensions and Measures of Health		Obs	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Variable Description
Self-rated health	Self-rated health	8255	3.9	0.8	1	5	Would you say your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor? 1. excellent, 2. very good, 3. good, 4. fair, 5. poor. The average value of self-rated health between 2013 and 2015,
Physical health	SPPB score	7479	9.6	2.6	0	12	The average value of SPPB score between 2013 and 2015,
	Chair stand score	7705	3.0	1.2	0	4	The ability and time to complete 5 repeated risings from chair exercise (0: cannot complete; 1: more than 16.6 seconds; 2: more than 13.6 seconds but less than 16.6 seconds; 3: more than 11.1 seconds but less than 13.6 seconds; 4: less than 11.1 seconds.)
	Balance score	7538	3.6	1.0	0	4	The ability and time to complete side-by-side or the full tandem exercise of the balance test (0: cannot complete the 10 seconds side-by-side exercise of the balance test; 1: less than 10 seconds to do side-by-side;2: less than 3 seconds to do full tandem exercise; 3: more than 3 seconds but less than 10 seconds to do full tandem exercise; 4: more than 10 seconds to do full tandem exercise)
	Walk speed score	7684	2.9	1.1	0	4	The ability and time to walk 5 meters (0: cannot complete or not qualified; 1: more than 11.4 seconds; 2: more than 8.2 seconds but less than 11.4 seconds; 3: more than 6.4 seconds but less than 8.2 seconds; 4: less than 6.4 seconds.)
	Frailty score	7552	2.0	1.0	0	5
	Low grip strength	7552	0.3	0.4	0	1	stratified by gender and body mass index quantiles with cutoffs (0: more than the cutoff; 1: no more than the cutoff)
	Slow walk speed	7604	0.7	0.4	0	1	stratified by gender and height with cutoffs (0: no more than the cutoff; 1: more than the cutoff)
	Weight loss	7682	0.4	0.4	0	1	“Have you involuntarily lost 5 or more kilograms in the past year?”
	Exhaustion	8266	0.3	0.4	0	1	Two CES-D questions are used. (a) I felt everything I did was an effort; (b) I could not get “going”. The question is asked “how you have felt and behaved during the last week?” 1=rarely or none of the time (<1 day) 2=some or a little of the time (1-2 days) 3=occasionally or a moderate amount of the time (3-4 days) 4=most or all of the time (5-7 days). Subjects answering “3” or “4” to either of these questions are categorized as exhausted
	Low physical activity	8266	0.3	0.4	0	1	If elders whose SPPB=0; or if one can get up from a chair after sitting for a long time; or if one can get into or out of bed by oneself.
Cognitive ability	Math score	7408	2.6	1.9	0	5	Based on a task in which respondents are asked to subtract 7 from 100 and to continue subtracting 7 from each subsequent number for a total of five times. The score is the count of correct subtractions across the five trials.
	Wscore	7888	447.1	102.6	299	635	Wscore is used to standardize adaptive number series test in 2015
	Memory	8042	2.8	1.7	0	10	The average value of immediate word recall and delay word recall
	Immediate Word Recall	8042	3.3	1.7	0	10	A list of 10 nouns read to the respondent who is asked to recall as many words as possible in any order. The score is the count of the number of words correctly recalled that ranges from 0 to 10.
Mental health	Depressive symptoms	7667	8.5	5.8	0	30	The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) 10-item version; each item scores from 0 to 3; the total mental health score is from 0 to 30.
Mortality	Alive in 2015 or not	8134	0.03	0.16	0	1	Alive in 2015 or not (0: alive; 1: died)

Notes:The cutoffs for low grip strength (kg) are 29 (males, BMI<=24), 30 (male, 24<BMI<=28), 32 (male, BMI>28), 17 (female, MBI<=23), 17.3 (female, 23<BMI<=26), 18 (female, 26<BMI<=29), 21 (female, BMI>29). The cutoffs for low walk speed are 0.65m/s (male, height<=173 cm; female, height<=159 cm), and 0.76m/s (male, height>173 cm; female, height>159 cm).