Table 4.
Unadjusted and adjusted associations between demographic, clinical, and serologic characteristics and advanced fibrosis (Ishak 3–6 vs. 0–2). The odds ratio (OR) represents advanced fibrosis for the comparison group vs. the reference group for discrete independent variables. The OR per unit (unless otherwise stated) shows an increase in the continuous independent variable
| Characteristicsa | Unadjusted | Adjusted** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discrete scales | Comparison group | OR (95% CI) | Overall P value | OR (95% CI) | Overall P value |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref = Non-Hispanic Black) | Non-Hispanic White | 4.26 (1.58, 11.5) | 0.02 | ||
| Other | 1.79 (0.47, 6.81) | ||||
| Tobacco use (ref = never smoker) | Former | 1.40 (0.41, 4.80) | 0.83 | ||
| Current | 1.40 (0.44, 4.47) | ||||
| Marijuana (ref = never user) | Regular | 0.42 (0.14, 1.27) | 0.13 | ||
| Occasional | 0.28 (0.06, 1.38) | ||||
| Coffee (cups per day, ref = none or occasional) | 3 or more | 0.56 (0.14, 2.24) | 0.71 | ||
| 1–2 | 0.90 (0.34, 2.36) | ||||
| Tea (cups per day, ref = none or occasional) | Regular (1 or more) | 1.37 (0.47, 4.02) | 0.56 | ||
| History of diabetes (ref = no) | Yes | 1.43 (0.34, 5.95) | 0.62 | ||
| HIV stage (ref = 0 or 1) | 2 or above | 0.96 (0.32, 2.87) | 0.93 | ||
| Lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy grade (ref = 0 or 1) | 2 or above | 2.32 (0.68, 7.93) | 0.18 | ||
| Detectable HIV RNA (ref = no) | Yes | 0.91 (0.30, 2.78) | 0.86 | ||
| Above normal ALT (ref = no) | Yes | 1.39 (0.58, 3.30) | 0.46 | ||
| HBeAg (ref = negative) | Positive | 0.56 (0.22, 1.41) | 0.22 | ||
| Detectable HBV DNA (ref = no) | Yes | 0.66 (0.26, 1.66) | 0.38 | ||
| HBV DNA not suppressed (ref = no) | Yes | 0.90 (0.30, 2.73) | 0.85 | ||
| Incomplete HBV DNA suppression (ref = no) | Yes | 0.52 (0.06, 4.64) | 0.55 | ||
| Continuous scales | |||||
| Age, per 5 years | 1.18 (0.91, 1.51) | 0.21 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 0.53 | |||
| ALT (per 10 IU/L) | 1.17 (1.02, 1.35) | 0.03 | 1.19 (1.01, 1.41) | 0.03 | |
| AST (per 10 IU/L) | 1.36 (1.05, 1.77) | 0.02 | b | ||
| AST-ALT ratio | 0.62 (0.19, 2.04) | 0.43 | |||
| Platelets (per 20,000 mm3) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.95) | 0.01 | 0.81 (0.67, 0.97) | 0.02 | |
| APRI (per 0.1) | 1.32 (1.11, 1.55) | 0.001 | |||
| FIB-4 (per 1) | 2.37 (1.32, 4.26) | 0.004 | |||
| CD4 (per 100) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 0.74 | |||
| CD4% | 0.995 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.81 | |||
| CD8 (per 100) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) | 0.90 | |||
| CD8% | 0.998 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.93 | |||
| HBV duration, years | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.38 | |||
| ln HBeAg Quant (in HBeAg+) | 0.71 (0.38, 1.33) | 0.29 | |||
| log10 DNA IU/mL | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) | 0.52 | |||
| log10 HBsAg Quant | 0.80(0.54, 1.20) | 0.28 | |||
Because of the low frequencies or absence of advanced fibrosis in females and in persons with at-risk alcohol consumptions, we could not evaluate respective associations
The multivariable model selected ALT and platelet counts. If we replaced ALT with AST, the OR (95% CI) for AST in the multivariable model was 1.34 (1.02, 1.77) per 10IU/L with a P value of 0.04 with similar OR and P values for platelet counts