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. 2020 Feb 14;10:2663. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59447-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A structural equation model showing the direct and indirect effects of soil type, treatment, acid phosphatase, and urease on the plant biomass. Solid and dashed arrows indicate significant and nonsignificant relationships, respectively. The width of the arrows is proportional to the strength of the path. R² denotes the proportion of variance. Standardized effects (total, direct, and indirect effects) are derived from the structural equation model. The hypothetical model fits our data well: χ2 = 1.37, P = 0.50, df = 2, GFI = 0.98, and RMSEA = 0.00.