Table 1.
Summary of SNM in children 3 years of age or younger (1951–2018)
| Study | Age (months)/gender | Clinical presentation | Location | Follow-up period (post-operative months) | Recurrence (post-operative months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current case | 11/M | Right paranasal and intraoral swelling of the right maxillary vestibule | Anterior right maxilla from inferior orbital rim to the maxillary alveolar process | 48 | NED |
| Hansen et al. [34] | 36/M | Right nasolabial fold | Maxilla and floor of right orbit | 60 | NED |
| Kelly et al. [33] | 5/M | Right nasolabial fold and nasolacrimal duct obstruction | Right nasolacrimal mass and eroding left nasomaxillary groove and floor of right orbit | 30 | NED |
| Zainine et al. [32] | 2.5/NS | Left nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea | Left ethmoid-nasal mass with intra-orbital extension | 30 | NED |
| Kadlub et al. [31] | 18/F | Paranasal, red overlying skin | Maxilla, orbital rim and nasal cavity | 72 | NED |
| 23/F | Paranasal | Maxilla | 48 | NED | |
| 21/F | Paranasal | Maxilla and orbital rim | 18 | 8 or 14* | |
| 14/M | Paranasal, epiphora | Maxilla and orbital rim | 12 | 8 or 14* | |
| Chen et al. [30] | 15/F | Right nasolabial fold | Right maxillary sinus with disruption of anterior maxillary wall and medial orbital floor | 27 | NED |
| Kansy et al. [29] | 12/NS | Left paranasal | Inferior, anterior, medial wall of maxillary sinus and left infraorbital rim | 24 | NED |
| 11/NS | Left paranasal, infection left tear duct and eye | Left maxillary sinus and left nasal cavity to left medial canthus and floor of orbit | 96 | NED | |
| Ríos y Valles-Valles et al. [28] | 11/F | Left medial canthus | Anterior aspect of maxillary sinus | 48 | NED |
| Safadi et al. [9] | 20/M | Left nasolabial mass | Premaxilla, anterior wall of maxillary sinus adjacent to nasal bone and inferior orbital wall | 12 | NED |
| Iatrou et al. [10] | 12/M | Left nasobuccal groove | Anterior maxilla to ipsilateral orbit, protruding to left nasal cavity and anterior ethmoid cells | 42 | NED |
| King et al. [27] | 18/M | Left nasomaxillary groove | Erosion/obliteration of maxillary vestibule and maxillary sinus with encroachment of lateral nasal wall and orbital floor | 18 | NED |
| 17/M | Left anterior maxila | Anterior medial aspect of left maxillary bone with expansion and obliteration of maxillary bone | 24 | NED | |
| Boussault et al. [26] | 14/M | Right lateral nose | Expansile mass with medial displacement of lateral nasal wall extending up medial canthus and down the nasolabial fold; involving anterior wall right maxillary sinus reaching teeth roots, compressing right maxillary sinus cavity, nasal cavity, lacrimal duct without invasion; pressure erosion anterior wall maxillary antrum | NS | NED |
| Prasannan et al. [12] | 20/F | Right infraorbital mass pushing nose to left side | Right maxillary sinus extending into anterior subcutaneous soft tissues, inferior aspect of right orbit, right nasal cavity and right ethmoidal air cells | 8 | NED |
| Simon et al. [8] | 3/NS | Rapid aggressive growth | Unknown | NS | NS |
| Rotenberg et al. [25] | 13/F | Left nasolabial groove | Anterior maxilla, nasomaxillary mass eroding into maxillary sinus | 48 | NED |
| 16/M | Left nasolabial fold | Left maxilla infiltrating nasal antrum and orbital rim | 84 | NED | |
| 18/F | Left maxillary mass | Invading maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, tooth sockets and infraorbital rim | 168 | NED | |
| Wachter et al. [24] | 13/M | Left nasolabial fold mass | Mass in left anterior maxillary sinus with mild encroachment upon left lateral nasal wall | 24 | NED |
| 19/F | Right nasofacial groove mass | Expansile mass right anterior maxilla, from above the root of the canine to inferior orbital rim | 24 | NED | |
| Fenton et al. [23] | 17/M | Left lateral nose extending up medial canthus | Anterior maxillary antrum encroaching antrum and nasal septum | 16 | NED |
| Brewis et al. [22] | 13/M | Left nasomaxillary groove | Anterior of left maxillary antrum extending to inferior aspect of maxilla | 4 | NED |
| Caleffi et al. [21] | 24/M | Right alar groove, nasolabial region | Connected to anterior wall of maxillary sinus | 12 | NED |
| Heffner [20] | 12/M | Left paranasal cheek swelling | Anterior maxillary sinus wall extending to anterior turbinate | NS | NS |
| 24/M | Left cheek swelling near nose | Anterior maxillary sinus involving anterior sinus wall | 144 | NED | |
| Ang et al. [19] | 13/M | Left nasal swelling encroaching nasal cavity | Anteromedial angle of maxillary antrum involving upper alveolus | 10 | NED |
| 14/F | Right side of nose | Arising from maxilla, extending outwards, destroying orbital floor | 89 | 5 | |
| Hayes et al. [18] | 12/F | Mass lateral right nares obliterating nasolabial crease | Right anterior maxillary sinus wall | 3 | NED |
| James et al. [17] | 11/F | Left lateral nose swelling | Anterior of left maxillary antrum encroaching the anterior sinus wall, bulging through the lateral wall of the nose, encroaching on the nasal septum and enveloping the nasolacrimal duct | 84^ | NED |
| Smith et al. [16] | 15/F | Swelling right side of nose overlying the ascending process of right maxilla | Nasal mass in right upper nasal cavity destroying nasal septum and extending into right maxilla; upon recurrence, eroded medial anterior walls of maxillary sinus extending into orbital rim and upper nasal cavity | 13 | 5 |
| Harris et al. [15] | 12/F | Lump right lateral nose | Medioinferior aspect of right orbit, extending into ethmoid sinus | 12 | NED |
| Fu et al. [14] | 15/F | Left nasofacial cleft | Left anterior antral wall, lateral to nasolacrimal canal projecting anteriorly into subcutaneous tissues and posteriorly into maxillary sinus | 108 | NED |
| Greenfield et al. [13] | 24/M | Facial asymmetry | Filling maxillary antrum | 3 | NED |
| Average (range) | 15.4 (2.5–36) | 43 (3–168) | 8 (5–14) |
NED No evidence of disease, NS not specified
*Specific case and recurrence time was not specified
^NED at 8 months in original article, NED at 84 months in Ang et al. [19]