Table 2.
Characteristics of studies reporting impacts of delayed diagnosis in patients with axSpA
| Study | Study design | Country | Patient population [N] | Male, % | Age, mean (SD), yearsa | Disease duration, mean (SD), years | Diagnostic delay, mean (SD), years | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nie A, et al. 2018 | Single center, cross-sectional | China |
AS [281] |
68.0 | 31.7 (9.8) | 7.9 (7.4) | 4.3 (5.3) | Clinical |
| Zhao J, et al. 2015 | Cross-sectional | China |
AS [256] |
88.3 |
Onset: 22.9 (5.5) Diagnosis: 34.0 (8.3) |
10.1 (7.3) | 3.9 (2.0) | Clinical |
| Seo MR, et al. 2015 | Cross-sectional | Korea |
AxSpA [94] |
78.7 |
Median (IQR) Enrollment: 40 (30–49) Onset: 23 (17–30) Diagnosis: 35 (24–43) |
Median (IQR) 14 (8–21) |
Median (IQR) 8 (3–15) |
Clinical, economic |
| Aggarwal R, et al. 2009 | Cross-sectional | India |
AS [70] |
84.3 |
Onset: 23.6 (8.8) Diagnosis: 32.5 ± 9.7 |
NR | 6.9 (5.2) | Clinical |
| Gunasekera W, et al. 2014 | Retrospective observational | UK |
AS [106] |
79.0 |
Onset: 24.5 (9.8) Diagnosis: 35.5 (14.0) |
NR | 10.5 (11.9) | Clinical, economic |
| Martindale J, Goodacre L. 2014 | Longitudinal cohort | UK |
AS/ AxSpA [10] |
70.0 | 40.2 (7.7) | NR | NR | Humanistic |
| Fitzgerald G, et al. 2017 | Retrospective observational | Ireland | AxSpA [564] | 78.2 | 47.1 (12.4) | 20.8 (12.2) | 8.6 (8.0) | Humanistic |
| Sullivan C, et al. 2014 | Retrospective observational | Ireland |
AS [92] |
80.4 | 46.7 (range, 23–80) | NR | 6.0 (4.8) | Clinical, economic |
| Sullivan C, FitzGerald O. 2011 | Cross-sectional | Ireland |
AS [59] |
59.0 |
Onset: 25 Diagnosis: 32 |
NR | 7.3 (range, 0–23) | Economic |
| Mennini FS, et al. 2018 | Retrospective observational | Italy | AxSpA [1084] | 35.1 | 43.3 (NR) | NR | NR | Economic |
| Abdelrahman FI, Mortada M. 2018 | Cross-sectional | Egypt |
AxSpA [126] |
Before 2010: 87.5; After 2010: 80.0 |
Diagnosis: Before 2010: 34.9 (6.4) After 2010: 25.8 (4.5) |
NR |
Before 2010: 11.3 (3.9) After 2010: 4.6 (2.8) |
Clinical, economic |
| Abdul-Sattar A, Abou El Magd S. 2017 | Cross-sectional | Egypt |
AS [190] |
94.4 | 37.8 (9.7) | 12.1 (8.9) | 6.3 (2.6) | Economic |
| Ibn YY, et al. 2012 | Cross-sectional | Morocco |
AS [100] |
67.0 |
Enrollment: 38.0 (13.0) Diagnosis: 32.7 (11.6) |
9.2 (6.8) | 4.1 (4.0) | Clinical |
| Fallahi S, Jamshidi AR. 2016 | Cross-sectional | Iran |
AS [163] |
79.1 |
Enrollment: 37.7 (9.9) Onset: 23.4 (7.1) Diagnosis: 31.3 (9.7) |
Median (IQR) 12 (6–20) |
7.9 (7.2) | Clinical, humanistic |
| Hajialilo M, et al. 2014 | Cross-sectional | Iran |
AS [60] |
88.3 | Diagnosis: 36.4 (4.5) | NR | 6.2 (3.5) | Clinical |
| Alayli G, et al. 2015 | Retrospective observational | Turkey |
AS [85] |
74.1 |
Enrollment: 36.7 (11.0) Onset: 24.8 (8.8) Diagnosis: 29.9 (9.9) |
11.0 (5.6) | 5.1 (7.2) | Clinical |
| Cakar E, et al. 2009 | Prospective observational | Turkey |
AS [121] |
100 | 31.6 (10.5) | 9.1 (6.9) |
No change with work: 3.7 (3.6) Change to lighter workload: 7.3 (4.8) Permanently work-disabled: 7.8 (6.9) |
Clinical, economic, humanistic |
| Dincer U, et al. 2008 | Cross-sectional | Turkey |
AS [111] |
92.7 |
Enrollment: 33.6 (12.0) Onset: 23.2 (9.6) Diagnosis: 27.9 (11.6) |
10.4 (8.1) | 6.1 (5.1) | Clinical |
| Slobodin G, et al. 2011 | Retrospective observational | Israel |
AxSpA [148] |
52.3 |
Diagnosis: Men: 35.6 (11.7) Women: 38.5 (12.3) |
NR | Men: 5.9 (60.4) Women 5.7 (6.0) | Clinical |
| Cayetti LA, et al. 2013 | Prospective observational | Argentina |
AS [147] |
75.5 |
Median (IQR) 46 (18–35) |
NR |
Median (IQR) 5 (2–13) |
Clinical, humanistic |
| Grigg SE, et al. 2011 | Cross-sectional | Australia |
AS [127] |
NR | Onset: 23.9 (9.3) | NR | 10.0 (8.9) | Humanistic, economic |
AS ankylosing spondylitis, axSpA axial spondyloarthritis, IQR interquartile range, NR not reported
aAge at study participation unless otherwise indicated