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. 2020 Feb 14;3:72. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-0801-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Raw LFP traces of the first 50 rewards in the first session. b Examples of traces from a with the corresponding time-frequency representation. Coloured outlines refer to the traces in a. c, d Identical analysis as in a and b but for the last session. e, g Means of all bursts in the time domain for sessions 1 (blue) and 9 (red), respectively, aligned to the first trough of beta before a reward (black dashed line). Grey: raw trace of one example reward indicated with a star in b and d (respectively). f, h Means of all bursts in the frequency domain for session 1 and session 9, respectively. Although the bursts differed from each other in both the time and frequency domains, averaging led to a misleading appearance of a sustained oscillation (e, g) or a smoothed Gaussian (f, h). i Raw traces (grey) and mean (blue) of the strongest 50 bursts in the session exhibit a characteristic appearance of a trough and two smaller peaks, as previously described⁵. This standard waveform was preserved through training (k). j, l Time-frequency representation of i and k (respectively). Shaded areas in e, g, j and k: 95% confidence interval.