Rhesus model immunogenicity. (A–E) Rhesus of Indian origin (n = 6) vaccinated three times with 20 µg or 40 µg NPNAx5 or 40 µg FL-CSP in ALFQ adjuvant. (F–H) Rhesus of Chinese origin vaccinated thrice with 40 µg of NPNAx5 (n = 6), 40 µg NPNAx20 (n = 4), or 40 µg FL-CSP (n = 6) in ALFQ. (A and F) Geometric mean ELISA titer at 2 wk after the third dose; (B and G) Mean repeat peptide avidity index; (C and H) Mean ILSDA at 1:200 or 1:300 serum dilution. (D) Repeat Ab geometric mean titer over 47 wk after the third dose; the time of each vaccination is marked as V1, V2, V3. The 47WP3 time-point has data from a subset of animals; 20 µg NPNAx5 (n = 3); both 40-µg dose groups (n = 2 each). Dotted line indicates historical geometrical mean values at 3 wk after the dose in RTS,S/AS01 vaccinated humans vaccinated on a 0- to 1–2-mo schedule (28). (E) ILSDA assay at 1:80 pooled serum dilution at four time-points weeks 4, 12, 24, and 47 after the third dose. ****P < 0.0001; **P < 0.01.