Table 2.
Phenolic compound profile, total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (AOX), and color parameters (L*, a*, b*) of some selected honey samples.
| Sample No | 1 * | 2 ** | 3 ** | 4 * | 5 * | 6 ** | 7 ** | 8 * | 9 * | 10 ** | 11 ** | 12 * | 13 ** | 14 * | 15 * | 16 ** | 17 ** | 18 * | 19 * | 20 ** | 21 * | 22 ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOX [mg GAE/100 g] | 53.33 (2.36) |
71.58 (10.03) |
77.58 (2.42) |
53.94 (0.90) |
54.42 (2.04) |
45.65 (2.54) |
56.25 (8.73) |
47.63 (4.08) |
46.23 (12.47) |
55.12 (2.02) |
67.28 (4.14) |
58.30 (0.18) |
45.58 (0.20) |
50.24 (0.65) |
51.81 (1.77) |
83.16 (2.56) |
53.37 (3.43) |
54.37 (1.95) |
54.66 (1.03) |
52.90 (7.45) |
41.42 (1.50) |
55.75 (0.97) |
| TPC [mg GAE/100 g] | 3.96 (0.49) |
3.86 (0.38) |
8.15 (0.49) |
5.81 (0.50) |
5.26 (0.64) |
4.08 (0.22) |
14.08 (1.66) |
12.40 (0.77) |
4.15 (0.07) |
4.15 (0.04) |
22.33 (0.81) |
17.95 (1.57) |
6.79 (0.76) |
7.24 (0.24) |
4.07 (0.14) |
3.73 (0.26) |
3.43 (0.19) |
3.93 (0.21) |
4.21 (0.48) |
6.38 (0.07) |
5.69 (0.45) |
4.05 (0.02) |
| Chrysin [µg/100 g] |
86 (46) | 79 (23) | 54 (10) | 101 (5) | 85 (11) | 89 (18) | 69 (8) | 108 (7) | 79 (7) | 66 (2) | 67 (4) | 79 (3) | 60 (11) | 71 (3) | 89 (14) | 79 (5) | 53 (6) | 66 (3) | 59 (11) | 38 (6) | 58 (5) | 74 (5) |
| Caffeic acid [µg/100 g] | 120 (16) | 98 (0) | 70 (3) | 46 (0) | 56 (0) | 54 (2) | 51 (9) | 194 (24) | 215 (68) | 184 (75) | 110 (38) | 72 (6) | 94 (17) | 37 (6) | 203 (28) | 157 (18) | 52 (3) | 61 (4) | 42 (0) | 107 (20) | 76 (2) | 97 (2) |
| p-Coumaric acid [µg/100 g] | 181 (54) | 291 (15) | 526 (35) | 327 (21) | 338 (14) | 166 (157) | 266 (125) | 407 (8) | 272 (13) | 164 (6) | 788 (48) | 427 (7) | 473 (43) | 423 (16) | 539 (55) | 510 (65) | 288 (10) | 210 (13) | 276 (9) | 534 (26) | 170 (10) | 310 (17) |
| Pinocembrin [µg/100 g] | 113 (32) | 98 (6) | 30 (3) | 49 (2) | 29 (2) | 51 (14) | 40 (2) | 76 (3) | 69 (16) | 38 (3) | 71 (6) | 59 (1) | 27 (23) | 35 (4) | 63 (9) | 59 (4) | 41 (5) | 48 (4) | 33 (3) | 35 (6) | 42 (10) | 58 (6) |
| Luteolin [µg/100 g] |
105 (24) | 56 (6) | nd | nd | 19 (1) | 9 (1) | 8 (0) | 11 (2) | 4 (2) | nd | 3 (1) | 7 (1) | 10 (3) | 9 (0) | 4 (1) | 2 (0) | nd | 1 (0) | nd | 5 (3) | 45 (1) | 64 (10) |
| Quercetin [µg/100 g] | 483 (131) | 248 (53) | 35 (4) | 36 (2) | 42 (2) | 37 (4) | 31 (3) | 19 (3) | 25 (1) | 22 (4) | 27 (0) | 57 (4) | 49 (1) | 7 (1) | 2 (8) | 11 (0) | 43 (1) | 20 (14) | 10 (4) | 33 (18) | 63 (2) | 233 (35) |
| Kaempferol [µg/100 g] | 36 (19) | 99 (12) | 51 (6) | 76 (5) | 146 (4) | 117 (44) | 80 (34) | 68 (7) | 80 (5) | 105 (5) | 35 (2) | 40 (1) | 92 (38) | 25 (2) | 88 (10) | 71 (9) | 161 (11) | 158 (14) | 99 (2) | 54 (7) | 63 (2) | 63 (10) |
| Galangin [mg/100 g] | 126 (89) | 64 (16) | 40 (9) | 63 (0) | 35 (0) | 91 (14) | 63 (15) | 154 (34) | 118 (11) | 58 (5) | 70 (3) | 68 (2) | 51 (10) | 58 (2) | 107 (9) | 143 (10) | 86 (10) | 117 (9) | 54 (5) | 61 (8) | 37 (2) | 63 (5) |
| trans-Ferulic acid [µg/100 g] | 252 (66) | 184 (20) | 229 (13) | 170 (15) | 79 (102) | 70 (37) | 81 (33) | 167 (7) | 128 (17) | 84 (4) | 115 (14) | 47 (4) | 204 (115) | 221 (12) | 283 (28) | 213 (32) | 106 (9) | 112 (7) | 87 (1) | 315 (15) | 128 (6) | 179 (4) |
| Apigenin [µg/100 g] | 7 (2) | 22 (7) | 10 (1) | 12 (1) | 13 (0) | 17 (3) | 18 (3) | 45 (1) | 15 (0) | 7 (0) | 15 (2) | 11 (1) | 13 (1) | 11 (0) | 29 (3) | 23 (2) | 10 (1) | 13 (1) | 11 (0) | 8 (1) | 11 (0) | 9 (0) |
| L * | 59.91 (0.42) | 59.07 (0.10) | 29.26 (0.53) | 52.83 (0.67) | 41.06 (1.05) | 52.46 (0.74) | 29.27 (0.08) | 25.58 (0.26) | 36.42 (0.68) | 55.83 (0.46) | 27.71 (0.45) | 36.04 (0.68) | 33.32 (0.97) | 23.18 (1.24) | 47.48 (0.35) | 34.38 (0.84) | 54.55 (0.36) | 52.47 (0.35) | 43.82 (1.25) | 38.13 (1.73) | 35.26 (0.54) | 57.91 (0.68) |
| a * | −1.61 (0.12) | −1.23 (0.19) | 1.89 (0.48) | −0.39 (0.09) | 0.38 (0.11) | −0.91 (0.04) | 7.40 (0.17) | 5.30 (0.27) | −1.38 (0.07) | −1.12 (0.00) | 11.60 (0.68) | 10.14 (0.42) | 6.04 (0.16) | 5.02 (0.16) | −1.03 (0.00) | −1.00 (0.00) | −1.17 (0.01) | −1.02 (0.05) | −1.17 (0.09) | 1.53 (0.26) | 0.98 (0.02) | −0.84 (0.17) |
| b * | 11.49 (0.91) | 13.07 (0.33) | 21.61 (0.78) | 16.01 (0.09) | 20.19 (0.16) | 15.52 (0.07) | 29.06 (0.78) | 24.32 (0.44) | 15.97 (0.56) | 12.86 (0.26) | 31.33 (1.41) | 30.45 (1.30) | 27.51 (0.54) | 23.55 (0.62) | 9.96 (0.17) | 7.59 (0.30) | 13.35 (4.87) | 13.71 (0.31) | 13.46 (0.28) | 22.10 (0.37) | 20.01 (0.34) | 15.36 (0.12) |
SD—standard deviation; nd—not detected; *—organic sample, **—conventional sample.