Table 1.
Selected potential indicators for early warning.
| Sector | Type of Indicator | Specific Indicators |
|---|---|---|
| Vector | Pathogen-specific | Vector presence |
| Vector abundance/density | ||
| Vector seasonality | ||
| Vector infection rate | ||
| Human | General | Population density |
| Population age distribution | ||
| Pathogen-specific | Disease frequency or occurrence—new notified cases/outbreaks (according to National case definition) per year | |
| Disease frequency or occurrence—number confirmed laboratory cases (according to National case definition) per year | ||
| Disease frequency or occurrence—persons with detected antibodies (sero-prevalence) | ||
| Animal | General | Animal population density 1 |
| Animal movements and trade—pastoralism and transhumance | ||
| Animal movements and trade—import and export | ||
| Animal movements and trade—wildlife migrations | ||
| Pathogen-specific 2 | Animal disease occurrence | |
| Animal disease seroprevalence |
1 We investigated the collection of the same indicator in different animal species/group (cattle, goats, sheep, equids, camels, wild ruminants, non-ruminant wild animals, and wild birds). 2 Per each pathogen, we investigated the collection of the same indicator in the susceptible animal species: for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), cattle, goats, sheep, camels, wild ruminants, non-ruminant wild animals, and wild birds; for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), cattle, goats, sheep, camels, wild ruminants, and non-ruminant wild animals; lastly, for West Nile virus (WNV), equids and wild birds.