Table 2.
Effect of space (stocks, single or wide bays) on the studied behaviours. Data are expressed as the least square mean and standard error (SE) of the number of observed behavioural events, with p-value determined by linear mixed model and Tukey post-hoc testing. Means with different superscript differ significantly (A, B, C, p < 0.01; a, b, p < 0.05).
| Behaviour | Single Bay | Wide Bay | Stock | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Backward movement | 14.9 ± 4.9 A | 5.2 ± 5.1 B | 4.3 ± 6.8 A,B | 0.002 |
| Biting | 4.1 ± 0.7 A | 0 ± 1.1 B | 0 ± 0.8 B | <0.001 |
| Explorative behaviour | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | ns |
| Forward movements | 13.7 ± 5.6 A | 4.0 ± 5.8 B | 4.9 ± 7.7 A,B | 0.007 |
| Scratching | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | ns |
| Head surveying | 35.5 ± 3.5 A | 43.1 ± 5.4 A | 6.9 ± 3.7 B | <0.001 |
| Head tossing | 10.1 ± 1.4 A | 7.7 ± 2.2 | 4.3 ± 1.5 B | 0.006 |
| Interaction | 9.8 ± 3.2 | 8.5 ± 3.6 | 4.47 ± 4.2 | ns |
| Lateral movements | 38.3 ± 10.9 | 38.3 ± 11.2 | 8.3 ± 15.3 | ns |
| Leaning on the stall rails | 62.9 ± 3.6 A | 43.0 ± 5.5 B | 2.5 ± 3.7 C | <0.001 |
| Licking | 21.9 ± 6.4 | 16.8 ± 6.7 | 2.5 ± 8.8 | ns |
| Loss of balance | 19.9 ± 5.2 A,a | 6.6 ± 5.4 B | 0 ± 7.2 b | <0.001 |
| Pawing | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | ns |
| Touching the tie cord | 17.1 ± 2.4 A | 10.9 ± 3.6 a | 0 ± 2.5 B,b | <0.001 |
| Turning the head | 27.6 ± 3.9 A | 28.1 ± 5.9 | 17.7 ± 4.0 B | <0.001 |
| Total behaviour | 278.5 ± 21.5 A | 217.5 ± 24.7 B | 59.1 ±28.7 C | <0.001 |
| Total stress | 119.0 ± 7.2 A | 112.2 ± 10.2 A | 35.6 ± 7.3 B | <0.001 |
| Total balance | 148.7 ± 13.9 A | 96.2 ± 15.5 B | 18.2 ± 18.7 C | <0.001 |