Table 3.
The effect of positioning (rear- and forward-facing and stock) on observed behaviours. Data are expressed as the least square mean and standard error (SE), with p-value determined by linear mixed model and Tukey post-hoc testing. Means with different superscript differ significantly (A, B, C, p < 0.01; a, b, p < 0.05).
| Behaviour | Rear Facing | Forward Facing | Stocks | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Backward movement | 5.3 ± 4.8 A | 15.1 ± 4.9 B | 4.3 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| Biting | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | 0.1 ± 3.0 | ns |
| Explorative behaviour | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | ns |
| Forward movements | 3.6 ± 4.7 A | 14.5 ± 4.8 B | 4.8 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| Scratching | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | ns |
| Head surveying | 39.6 ± 4.1 A | 36.1 ± 4.3 A | 7.8 ± 4.7 B | <0.001 |
| Head tossing | 9.5 ± 1.4 A | 9.2 ± 1.7 A | 4.1 ± 1.5 B | <0.001 |
| Interaction | 6.4 ± 1.3 A,a | 12.2 ± 1.4 B | 4.1 ± 1.3 A,b | 0.000 |
| Lateral movements | 26.8 ± 2.1 A | 48.9 ± 2.4 B | 8.0 ± 2.1 C | <0.001 |
| Leaning on the stall rails | 56.2 ± 9.2 A | 51.1 ±9.3 A | 1.2 ± 12.4 B | 0.001 |
| Licking | 13.5 ±2.7 A | 25.9 ± 2.8 B | 2.1 ±3.4 C | <0.001 |
| Loss of balance | 18.6 ± 6.5 A | 8.3 ± 6.5 B | 0 ± 9.2 | <0.001 |
| Pawing | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | ns |
| Touching the tie cord | 15.4 ± 2.8 A | 14.3 ± 3.1 A | 0 ± 3.3 B | <0.001 |
| Turning the head | 28.1 ± 3.4 A | 27.9 ± 3.7 A | 18.0 ± 3.4 B | <0.001 |
| Total behaviour | 230.7 ± 30.4 A | 269.2 ± 30.7 B | 57.8 ±41.7 C | <0.001 |
| Total stress | 115.2 ± 6.5 A | 121.0 ± 7.4 A | 34.7 ± 6.5 B | <0.001 |
| Total balance | 109.4 ± 26.9 A | 135.2 ± 27.1 B,a | 18.0 ± 37.5 b | 0.002 |