Table 1.

Examples of studies using in vitro and in vivo models of SZ (partially elaborated based on reference [89]).

In Vitro Model	Study
SH-SY5Y cell line	Study of molecular mechanisms and study of transmission in signaling pathways [150]
Multipotent stem cells	Gene expression studies and pathway dysfunctions associated with mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress [151] Analysis of gene and receptor expression, study of neurodevelopmental pathways [152]
Pluripotent stem cells
HT-22 cell line	Study of biochemical basis of cellular function and disease processes and neurodevelopmental pathways [153]
Three-dimensional culture systems (3D)	Toxicity studies and determination of the biological or biochemical activity of the compounds [154]
In Vivo Model	Study/Effect
Amphetamine model Phencyclidine model	Locomotor sensitization; increased mesolimbic dopamine response; persistent deficit in prepulse inhibition (PPI); cognitive impairments [77,155] Enhanced mesolimbic dopamine response; no sustained deficit in PPI; reduced social interaction [90,112]
MAM model Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model	Spontaneous hyperactivity; amphetamine- and NMDA antagonist-induced hyperactivity; deficits in PPI; cognitive impairment; reduced social interaction [143,156] Amphetamine- and NMDA antagonist-induced locomotor hyperactivity; cognitive impairments; deficits in PPI and social interaction [149,157]
DISC-1 knock-out Neuregulin1 and ErbB4 knock-out	Increased sensitivity to psychostimulants; cognitive deficits; reduced social interaction; depressive-like behavior; deficits in PPI in some mutants [120,125,158] Spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity; social interaction impairment; PPI deficits in Neuregulin1 but not ErbB4 mutants [130,159]