Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of in vitro and in vivo models of SZ (partially elaborated based on reference [89]).

In Vitro model	Disadvantages	Advantages
SH-SY5Y cell line	Genetic aberrations No synchronization	Biochemical and functional characteristics of neurons Expression of specific proteins and isoforms of proteins Ability to differentiate
Multipotent stem cells	Protocols for differentiation and isoallocation conditions are under development	Differentiate into individual cell lines Unlimited self-renewal capacity Correct number of chromosomes Easy isolation and in vitro culture Low immunogenicity High immigration capacity
Pluripotent stem cells		Differentiation into all types of cells
HT-22 cell line	-	Model for glutamate cytotoxicity studies Ease in conducting experimental procedures Preserving cytoarchitectonic properties
Three-dimensional culture systems (3D)	Lack of even nutrition and oxygenation	Increased physiological response to bioactive substances Better interaction between cells and cells and the extracellular matrix
In Vivo model	Disadvantages	Advantages
Pharmacological (phencyclidine and amphetamine models)	There is no current “gold standard” medication to treat all the symptoms that can be used as a positive control (e.g., haloperidol and clozapine should reverse only positive symptoms of this disease) Models should have an appropriate symptoms homology, construct (replicate pathology and theoretical neurobiological response), and predictive validity to the clinical SZ disorder.	Animal models are very valuable preclinical tools used to investigate the neurobiological basis of SZ Resemble “positive-like” symptoms of SZ Resemble negative and cognitive symptoms of SZ by showing altered social deficits and cognitive impairments Resemble altered mesolimbic dopamine function
Neurodevelopmental models
Genetic models