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Schematic showing the formation of titania nanotube (TNT) arrays: (a) an initial development of a compact oxide layer on the surface of Ti, (b) small pits formation due to the etching of oxide by F− ions, (c) local growth of nanopores into well-aligned TNT arrays, and (d) the shape and wall thickness of a nanotube. Reproduced with permission from [223]. Copyright MDPI, 2019.
