Figure 1.

The electrical field administration to PEMs. (a) Polypyrrole (PPy) was deposited on polystyrene surfaces to form a conductive substrate, which was trimmed in the dimension of 6 by 3 cm. (b) Glass rings with an inner diameter of 6 mm and a height of 7 mm were glued on PPy films. (c) For the vertically electrical field, PBS was filled in the wells without bubbles, and the stainless steel counter electrodes were placed on the top of the wells. (d) For the horizontally electrical field, electrodes were placed at two opposing sides of the PPy films.