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. 2020 Jan 6;12(1):133. doi: 10.3390/polym12010133

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Scanning electron microscopy analysis of PEMs. (a) Surfaces of PEMs before or after treating different voltages for 1 h. (b) Surfaces of PEMs in aqueous environments with or without electrical field treatment for 1 or 2 h. (scale bar = 1 µm).