Table 3.
An overview of anticancer efficacy of isolated lichen compounds in combination with lichen extracts.
| Lichen Acid/Species | Cell Lines | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| UA | HT29, AGS, A549, CWR22Rv-1 | ↑ selective cytotoxicity (acetone extract and UA) | [87] |
| Extract of Flavocetraria cucullata | ↓ tumorigenesis and motility | ||
| ↓ EMT and Akt phosphorylation | |||
| ↑ anticancer activity of extract vs. UA | |||
| Extract of Toninia candida, | FemX, LS174 | ↑ cytotoxicity | [54] |
| Extract of Usnea barbata | → apoptosis after UA treatment | ||
| NA, UA | |||
| SCE | B16, C6, HaCaT | ↑ cytotoxicity of B16 (IC50 31.21 μg/mL) and C6 (IC50 43.40 μg/mL) | [88] |
| ↑ apoptosis and/or autophagy in B16 and C6 | |||
| Low toxicity against HaCaT | |||
| Acetone extract of Evernia prunastri | FemX, LS174 | PA: ↑ cytotoxicity LS 174 and FemX | [89] |
| Acetone extracts of Pseudoevernia furfuraceae | ↓ FemX and LS174: S and G2/M arrest | ||
| PA | |||
| PA | MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A | PA: ↑ cytotoxicity of MCF-7 (IC50 72.4 μg/mL), T47D (IC50 75.4 IC50 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231 (IC50 93.9 μg/mL) | [24] |
| Acetone extract of Hypogymnia physodes | |||
| Ethanol extract of Usnea strigosa | MD-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7, T-47D, BT-474, SK-BR-3, MCF-10A | U. strigosa extracts: ↑ cytotoxicity of MD-MB-231 (IC50 3.7 μg/mL) MDA-MB-468 (IC50 4.5 μg/mL), MCF-7 IC50 6.4 μg/mL), T-47D (IC50 9.6 μg/mL), BT-474 (IC50 7.9 μg/mL), SK-BR-3 IC50 7.5 μg/mL) | [33] |
| NA | NA: MD-MB-231(IC50 14.9 μg/mL), MDA-MB-468 (IC50 17.3 μg/mL) | ||
| ↓ proliferation | |||
| ↓ migration of MDA-MB-468 | |||
| ↓ invasion of MDA-MB-231 | |||
| ↓ c-Met, STAT3, paxillin/Rac-1and FAK phosphorylation in MDA-MB-231 | |||
| Acetone extracts of Melanelia subaurifera and Melanelia fuliginosa | HeLa, A549, LS174, MRC5 | Melanelia subaurifera extract: ↑ cytotoxicity of HeLa (IC50 9.88 μg/mL) A549 (IC50 31.25 μg/mL), LS174 (IC50 31.64 μg/mL); | [25] |
| LeA | Melanelia fuliginosa extract: HeLa (IC50 45.24 μg/mL) A549 (IC50 125.276 μg/mL), LS174 (IC50 142.87 μg/mL); | ||
| 2′-O-MA | |||
| Extract of Cladonia salzmannii | RAW 264.7, NCI-H292, HEp-2, MCF-7, HL-60 | Ether extract: cytotoxicity of HL-60 (IC50 3.59 μg/mL), HEP-2 (IC50 26.75 μg/mL), NCI-H292 (IC50 29.91 μg/mL), RAW-264.7 (IC50 36.54 μg/mL) | [90] |
| Acetone extract: cytotoxicity of MCF-7 (7.55 μg/mL) and NCI-H292 (16.60 μg/mL) | |||
| BA | Cytotoxicity of HEP-2 (IC50 15.79 μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC50 18.28 μg/mL), RAW-264.7 (IC50 20.79 μg/mL) | ||
| BA | HEp-2, NCI-H292, KB | Cytotoxicity of HEp-2 (IC50 6.25 μg/mL) | [91] |
| Acetone extracts of | A549 | ↓ migration (concentration, 10 μg/mL) | [20] |
| Everniastrum vexans | |||
| ATR | ↑ cytotoxicity (concentration, >5 μg/mL) | ||
| ↓ β-catenin-mediated TOPFLASH activity (via ↓ nuclear import of β-catenin, ↓ c-jun/AP-1) | |||
| ↓ mRNA expression of KITENIN | |||
| ↑ KAI1 mRNA | |||
| ↓ GTP-Cdc42, GTP-RhoA, STAT proteins | |||
| Extracts of endolichenic fungus EL002332 | AGS, TMK-1, CT26 | ↑ cytotoxicity (on AGS and CT26) | [92] |
| EL002332 + docetaxel: synergistic effects (on AGS and TMK-1) | |||
| myC | ↑ apoptosis (caspase activation, Bcl-2 family regulation) |
Explanatory notes: ↑ increase; ↓ decrease; → induction; + plus/and Abbreviations: 2′-O-MA, 2′-O-methyl anziaic acid; ATR, atranorin; BA, barbatic acid; LeA, lecanoric acid; NA, nortictic acid; PA, physodic acid; SCE, supercritical CO2 extract of old´s man beard; UA, usnic acid.