Table 4.
Anticancer potential of lichen extracts.
| Lichen Acid/species | Cell Lines | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Extract of Umbilicaria crustulosa | FemX, LS174 | ↑ cytotoxicity (all tested extracts) | [93] |
| Extract of Umbilicaria cylindrica | |||
| Extract of Umbilicaria polyphylla | |||
| Methanol extract of Lasallia pustulata | FemX, LS174 | ↑ cytotoxicity: FemX (IC50 46.66 μg/mL); LS174 (IC50 71.71 μg/mL) | [94] |
| Extract of Parmelia caperata | FemX, LS174 | ↑ cytotoxicity (all tested extracts) | [95] |
| Extract of Parmelia sulcata | |||
| Extract of Parmelia saxatilis | |||
| Extract of Parmotrema reticulatum | MCF-7, A549, WI-38 | ↑ cytotoxicity | [96] |
| → cell cycle arrest | |||
| Methanol extract of Cetraria islandica | FemX, LS174 | ↑ cytotoxicity: FemX (IC50 22.68 μg/mL); LS174 (IC50 33.74 μg/mL) | [97] |
| Acetone extract of Parmelia arseneana | FemX, LS174, A549, K562 | ↑ cytotoxicity (IC50 11.61–47.06 μg/mL) | [98] |
| Water extracts of Dermatocarpon vellereum, Umbilicaria vellea, Xanthoria elegans and Melanelia disjuncta | HepG2, RKO | ↑ cytotoxicity (all extracts, mainly L. alphoplaca and M. disjuncta) | [99] |
| Methanol extracts of Melanelia disjuncta, Lobothallia alphoplaca and Xanthoparmelia stenophylla | |||
| Methanol extracts of Parmelia sulcata Taylor and Usnea filipendula Stirt | A549, PC-3, Hep3B | ↑ cytotoxicity (IC50 32.9–98.5 μg/mL) | [100] |
| Rat glioma C6 | |||
| → genotoxicity | |||
| → apoptotosis | |||
| Methanol extract of Hypogymnia physodes | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 | ↑ anticancer and/or apoptosis-inducing (low concentration) effect | [101] |
| ↑ genotoxicity (high concentration) | |||
| Methanol extracts of Cladonia rangiformis and Cladonia convolute | MCF-7 | → apoptosis | [102] |
| ↓ proliferation | |||
| ↑ cytoxicity | |||
| Acetone extract of Xanthoria parietina | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 | ↓ proliferation | [103] |
| ↓ cell cycle | |||
| ↑ apoptosis | |||
| Metanol extract of Parmelia sulcata | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 | ↑ cytotoxicity MCF-7 (IC5039.1 μg/mL); MDA-MB-231 (IC50 16.5 μg/mL) | [104] |
| → apoptosis | |||
| Extracts of Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa and Tuckermannopsis ciliaris | Human Burkitt’s lymphoma (Raji) | → apoptosis | [105] |
| → cell arrest | |||
| ↑ p53 expression | |||
| Acetone extracts of | AGS, A549, MDCK | P. gardneri: ↑ cytotoxicity of AGS (IC50 39.1 μg/mL), A549 (IC50 20.24 μg/mL), MDCK (IC50 66.35 μg/mL); Canoparmelia aptata: AGS (IC50 167.9 μg/mL), A549 (IC50 200 μg/mL) | [106] |
| Parmotrema gardneri, Pannaria sp., and Canoparmelia aptata | |||
| Extract of Cladonia rangiformis | MCF-7 | ↑ cytotoxicity | [107] |
| Extract of Cladonia convoluta | |||
| Caloplaca pusilla (on G-LBM medium) | HeLa, MCF-7, PC-3 | ↓ viability of MCF-7 (IC50 7.29 μg/mL), PC-3 (IC50 7.96 μg/mL), HeLa (IC50 6.57 μg/mL) | [108] |
| → apoptosis | |||
| Xanthoria parietina (on PDA and G-LBM) | ↓ cancer cell viability of MCF-7, HeLa (IC50 about 8 μg/mL) | ||
| Methanol extract of Cladonia pocillumon | MCF-7 | → apoptosis (concentration-dependent) | [109] |
| Acetone extract of Pleurosticta acetabulum | HT-29 | ↑ cytotoxicity (IC50 after 48 h, 6 μg/mL) | [110] |
| (cytochalasin E) | ↓ proliferation | ||
| → apoptosis | |||
| Polysaccharide from Umbilicaria esculenta | A875, A375, HUVEC | ↑ cytotoxicity of A875 and A375 | [111] |
| ↑ Annexin-V positive and TUNEL positive A875 | |||
| → apoptosis of A875 (ROS generation followed by ↑ caspase-3 and -9) | |||
| Acetone extracts of Cladonia furcata and Cladonia foliacea | HeLa | Extract of C. foliacea: ↑ cytotoxicity of A549 (IC50 13.58 μg/mL), LS174 (IC50 28.98 μg/mL) | [112] |
| Human lung carcinoma A549 | Extract of C. furcata: ↑ cytotoxicity of HeLa (IC50 11.69 μg/mL) | ||
| Human colon carcinoma LS174 | |||
| Extract of Candelariella vitelline | Caco-2 | ↓ proliferation (Ki-67) | [32] |
| → apoptosis, ↑ necrosis (Caco-2, IC50 125 μg/mL) | |||
| ↓ Bcl-2 | |||
| ↑ Bax, ↑CASP3 protein level | |||
| ↑ Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | |||
| Methanol extract of Usnea intermedia | A549, H1299 MCF7, MDA-MB-231 | ↓ proliferation of H1299 (IC50 10.2 μg/mL) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 3.0 μg/mL) | [113] |
| → apoptosis (phophatidylserine translocation, ↑ caspase 3/7 activity, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, formation of pyknotic nuclei) | |||
| Nemania serpens and Nemania aenea var. aureolatum (isolates of endolichenic fungi associated with the lichen Nephroma laevigatum) | HT-29, HCT116, PC-3 and DU145 | ↑ anticancer efficacy (IC50 13–39 μg/mL) | [114] |
| → apoptosis (activated caspase 3, 8, PARP cleavage, chromatin fragmentation) | |||
| Physcia cf. Milegrana | HeLa, Vero | ↑ cytotoxicity of HeLa (IC50 137 μg/mL) | [115] |
Explanatory notes: ↑ increase; ↓ decrease; → induction.