Table 2.
The main chemical components of the essential oils of selected Lamiaceae family plants.
| Essential Oil | Main Chemical Components | References |
|---|---|---|
| Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng. = A. heliotropioides Oliv. | Linalool (38.5%), α-Farnesene (25.1%), Massoialactone (4.5%), β-Caryophyllene (3.6%), Germacrene D (2.0%) | [34] |
| Agastache rugosa (Fisch. and C.A.Mey.) Kuntze | Methyl chavicol (93.45%), Methyl eugenol (2.48–50.51%), Estragole (8.55%), Eugenol (0.15–7.54%), Thymol (3.62%), Pulegone (2.56%), Limonene (2.49%), β-Caryophyllene (1.19–2.38%), | [35,36] |
| Ballota nigra subsp. foetida (Vis.) Hayek | β-Caryophyllene (21.8–22.6%), Caryophyllene oxide (18.0–20.5%), Germacrene D (13.1–16.5%), 2-Hexenal (6.5–11.2%), 1-Octen-3-ol (3.5–5.5%), β-Pinene (1.6–4.4%), Limonene (2.2–4.1%), Linalool (1.2–3.5%), β-Bourbonene (1.5–2.7%), α-Humulene (2.2–2.6%), α-Copaene (1.5–2.2%) | [37] |
| Clinopodium dalmaticum (Benth.) Bräuchler and Heubl = Micromeria dalmatica Benth. | Piperitenone oxide (41.77%), Pulegone (15.94%), Piperitenone (10.19%), Limonene (5.77%), Piperitone (3.39%), α-Pinene (2.9%), β-Pinene (2.16%), | [38] |
| Clinopodium nepeta subsp. glandulosum (Req.) Govaerts = Calamintha glandulosa (Req.) Bentham = Calamintha officinalis Moench | Piperitenone (trace–42.6%), Piperitone (0.0–40.3%), Carvone (1–38.7%), Pulegone (0.6–9.7%), Shisofuran (0.1–9.7%), Menthone (trace–8.3%), Dihydrocarveol acetate (0.1–7.6%), Dihydrocarveol (0–6.9%),1,8-Cineole (0.0–6.4%), cis-Carvyl acetate (0.0–6.1%), | [39,40] |
| Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze = Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi | Pulegone (2.4–84.7%), Isomenthone (1.9–51.3%), Menthone (0.0–35.4%), Crysanthenone (1.3–33.9%), 1,8-Cineole (0.3–21.4%), Piperitenone oxide (0.0–19.1%), Limonene (0.0–13.6%), Isopulegone (0.0–9.4%), Piperitenone (0.0–7.7%), Cinerolone (0.0–5.8%), Isopulegol (0.0–4.1%), Isomenthol (0.0–3.9%), β-Caryophyllene (0.0–3.8%), 3-Octanol (0.0–3.0%), β-Pinene (0.0–2.3%), cis-Piperitone oxide (0.0–2.2%) | [41,42] |
| Clinopodium thymifolium (Scop.) Kuntze = Micromeria thymifolia (Scop.) Fritsch | Pulegone (32.81%), Piperitenone (25.7%), Piperitone (11.71%), Isomenthone (4.98%), Limonene (2.4%), β-Caryophyllene (2.39%) | [38] |
| Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze = Calamintha umbrosa Benth. | β-Caryophyllene (13.9%), Germacrene D (11.6%), Spathulenol (10.6%) | [43] |
| Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. | Citronellol (74.2%), Geraniol (2.8%), cis-Rose oxide (2.2%), Citronellyl acetate (1.7%) | [44] |
| Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. | δ-Cadinol (18.49%), α-Pinene (10.16%), p-Menth-1-en-8-ol (9.82%), Hedycaryol (6.42%), β-Eudesmol (4.56%), Spathulenol (4.14%), δ-Cadenene (3.02%), Linalool (2.98%), Caryophyllene oxide (2.81%), β-Bourbonene (2.72%), β-Caryophyllene (2.29%) | [45] |
| Hyptis ovalifolia Benth. | (R)-6-[(Z)-1-Heptenyl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (60.0%), γ-Cadinene (6.6%), Viridiflorol (6.08%), Caryophyllene oxide (4.98%), γ-Elemene (4.38%) | [46] |
| Hyssopus officinalis L. | Pinocamphone (5.78–50.77%), 1,8-Cineole (0.47–36.43%), Pinocarvone (0.44–23.4%), β-Pinene (13.38–19.55%), Isopinocamphone (15.32%), α-Phellandrene (trace–3.74%), Sabinene (1.7–2.9%), Myrtenol (1.39–2.7%), α-Pinene (1.01–2.57%), cis-Sabinene hydrate (0.0–2.5%), Myrtenyl methyl ether (1.64–2.1%) | [44,47,48] |
| Lavandula angustifolia Mill. | Linalool (20.18–45.8%), Linalyl acetate (4.6–43.13%), Lavandulyl acetate (0–16.01%), 1,8-Cineole (0.6–13.1%), Camphor (0.52–11.2%), Borneol (0.76–7.5%), Terpinen-4-ol (1.05–5.8%), β-Caryophyllene (0.6–4.95%), Lavandulol (0–3.09%), β-Ocimene (1.5–2.84%), Myrcene (0.4–2.41%) | [49,50,51] |
| Lavandula multifida L. | Carvacrol (41.5–42.8%), β-Ocimene (27.0–27.4%), Myrcene (5.5–5.7%), β-Bisabolene (5.0–5.6%), Terpinolene (2.1–3.1%), α-Farnesene (2.6–2.8%) | [52] |
| Lavandula pedunculata (Mill.) Cav. | Fenchone (6.2–44.5%), 1,8-Cineole (5.1–34.3%), Camphor (8.7–34.0%), β-Pinene (1.4–9.0%), α-Pinene (2.5–8.0%), Camphene (0.8–6.1%), Linalool (0.5–3.8%), Bornyl acetate (0.9–3.5%), Borneol (0.6–3.4%), α-Cadinol (0.2–3.1%), cis-Verbenol (0.2–2.8%), Myrtenal (0.8–2.4%), trans-Verbenol (1.1–2.0%) | [53] |
| Lavandula stoechas L. | Fenchone (0.0–36.2%), 1,8-Cineole (0–33.9%), Camphor (2.2–18%), α-trans-Necrodyl acetate (0.0–17.4%), Lavandulyl acetate (0.0–7.6%), α-trans-Necrodol (0.0–7.1%), Linalool (0.0–6.2%), α-Copaene-8-ol (0.7–4.7%), Viridiflorol (1.4–3.6%), α-Pinene (1.1–3.2%), 2,3,4,4-Tetramethyl-5-methylene-cyclopenten-1-one (0.0–2.8%), Lyratyl acetate (0–2.4%), Myrtenyl acetate (1.0–2.0%), 1,1,2,3-Tetramethyl-4-hidroximethyl-2-cyclopentene (0.0–2.0%) | [51,54] |
| Lavandula viridis L’Her. | 1,8-Cineole (34.5–42.2%), Camphor (13.4%), α-Pinene (9.0%), Linalool (6.7–7.9%) | [55] |
| Lepechinia mutica (Benth.) Epling | Δ3-Carene (8.69–24.23%), Thujopsan-2-α-ol (0.0–11.9%), Shyobunol (0.0–10.8%), β-Pinene (3.78–7.96%), δ-Cadinene (0.0–6.96%), Globulol (0.0–5.91%), Valerianol (0.0–5.19%), epi-Cubebol (0.0–4.62%), β-Caryophyllene (0.0–4.55%), Limonene (3.79–4.47%), α-Eudesmol (0.0–4.47%), α-Phellandrene (0.34–3.8%), β-Phellandrene (3.79%), γ-Cadinene (0.0–2.86%), α-Pinene (1.23–2.68%), o-Cymene (0.0–2.04%), Isobornyl acetate (0.0–2.2%) | [56,57] |
| Marrubium vulgare L. | γ-Eudesmol (11.93%), β-Citronellol (9.9%), Citronellyl formate (9.5%), Germacrene-D (9.37%), Geranyl formate (6.25%), Geranyl tiglate (5.53%), Ledene (5.35%), 1,8-Cineole (3.72%), Neryl acetate (3.41%), δ-Cadinene (3.3%), Cyclononasiloxane octadecamethyl (3.08%), Geraniol (2.74%), N-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide (2.35%), Eicosamethylcyclodecasiloxane (2.29%), α-Thujone (2.29%), trans-Caryophyllene (2.15%) | [58] |
| Melissa officinalis L. | Geranial (23.4%), Neral (16.5%), Citronellal (13.7%), β-Caryophyllene (4.6%), Geraniol (3.4%), Isomenthone (3.0%), Menthol (2.9%), Methyl citronellate (2.7%), Germacrene D (2.4%), Limonene (2.2%) | [59] |
| Mentha cervina L. | Isomenthone (8.7–77%), Pulegone (12.9–75.1%), Menthone (0.8–4.4%), Limonene (0.8–4.3%) | [60] |
| Mentha × piperita L. | Menthol (34.82–43.85%), Menthone (9.1–31.68%), Carvone (0.0–19.54%), Menthyl acetate (1.64–17.4%), Anethole (0.0–9.54%), Isomenthone (4.71–8.08%), Limonene (0.86–6.9%), Menthofuran (6.8%), Eucalyptol (4.36–6.21%), 1,8-Cineole (5.6%), Pulegone (0.47–5.15%), Isomenthol acetate (4.56–4.91%), Isomenthol (0.68–3.58%), Sabinene (0.0–2.5%) | [61,62,63,64] |
| Mentha pulegium L. | Pulegone (2.3–70.66%), Piperitone (0.24–38.0%), Piperitenone (1.58–33.0%), Neomenthol (11.21%), α-Terpineol (0.0–4.7%), 1,8-Cineole (0.11–4.0%), Piperitenone oxide (0.0–3.4%), Menthone (2.63–3.0%), Borneol (0.0–2.9%), Isopulegone (2.33%) | [65,66] |
| Mentha requienii Benth. | Pulegone (77.6%), Isomenthone (18.2%), Limonene (1.76%) | [67] |
| Mentha spicata L. | Pulegone (0.0–78.7%), Carvone (0.0–59.12%), Menthol (0.0–39%), Menthone (5.1–21.9%), Neomenthol (11.2%), Menthyl acetate (0.0–6.9%), Dihydrocarveol (0.0–6.27%), Limonene (1.0–5.8%), 1,8-Cineole (3.0–5.42%), cis-Dihydrocarvone (0.0–4.9%), cis-Carveol (0.0–3.9%), β-Caryophyllene (0.7–2.8%), β-Myrcene (0.3–2.3%) | [49,51,61,68] |
| Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. | Piperitenone oxide (0.0–87.25%), Carvone (0.0–50.59%), Pulegone (0.0–50.0%), Demelverine (0.0–43.46%), Cinerolone (0.0–38.79%), p-Cymenene (0.0–35.22%), Limonene (0.0–31.25%), Piperitone oxide (0.0–26.0%), p-Cymenol-8 (0.0–20.6%), Spathulenol (0.0–18.35%), β-Caryophyllene oxide (0.3–17.25%), α-Pharnesene (0.0–16.54%), α-Cadinol (0.09–10.69%), Calamenene (0.44–10.63%), α-Cubenene (0.0–10.08%), α-Caryophyllene (2.0–9.8%), Veridiflorol (0.0–7.59%), Cubenol (0.0–7.46%), Verbenone (0.0–6.56%), δ-Fenchol (0.3–5.9%), Menthone (0.0–5.7%), Borneol (0.12–5.6%), Citronellyl acetate (0.0–5.45%), δ-Cadinene (0.0–4.89), Eucalyptol (0.0–4.21%), cis-8-Menthene (0.3–4.2%), Fenchone (0.1–3.6%), Geraniol (1.0–3.4%), τ-Muurolol (0.0–3.29%), α-Pinene (0.1–2.7%), β-Caryophyllene (2.56%), cis-Carveol (2.31%), Germacrene D (0.0–2.04%) | [69,70,71] |
| Micromeria albanica (K. Maly) Silic | Piperitenone oxide (38.73%), Pulegone (13.43%), Piperitenone (9.72%), Piperitone (5.62%), Limonene (3.2%), α-Copaene (2.12%) | [38] |
| Moluccella spinosa L. | α-Pinene (26.6%), Caryophyllene oxide (16.8%), β-Caryophyllene (8.6%), α-Thujene (5.9%), Nonacosane (5.5%), Heptacosane (5.3%), Ethylbenzaldehyde (3.4%), Pentacosane (2.5%), Tetracosane (2.3%), Sabinene (2.2%) | [72] |
| Nepeta ciliaris Benth. = Nepeta leucophylla Benth. | Caryophyllene oxide (14.8–26.3%), β-Caryophyllene (18.0%), β-Sesquiphellandrene (15.0%), Iridodial b-monoenol acetate (9.8%) | [43] |
| Nepeta clarkei Hook. f. | β-Sesquiphellandrene (22.0%), Actinidine (10.0%), Germacrene D (8.0%) | [43] |
| Ocimum basilicum L. | Linalool (18.0–68.0%), Methyl chavicol (0.0–57.3%), Geraniol (0.0–16.5%), 1,8-Cineole (1.4–15.1%), p-Allylanisole (0.2–13.8%), Eugenol (0.0–12.32%), Limonene (0.2–10.4%), β-Farnesene (0.0–6.3%), τ-Cadinol (trace–5.8%), β-Caryophyllene (0.0–4.5%), α-Bergamotene (0.0–4.34%), α-Cadinol (0.0–4.05%), β-Elemene (0.0–3.62%), δ-Cadinene (0.0–3.6%), Germacrene D (0.0–3.5%), γ-Cadinene (0.0–2.8%), Camphor (0.0–2.4%), β-Myrcene (0.2–2.3%), Terpinen-4-ol (0.0–2.2%), Guaiene (0.0–2.1%), Estragole (0.0–2.03%), Isolimonene (0.0–2.0%), α-Bulnesene (0.0–2.0%), γ-Terpinene (0.0–2.0%) | [64,68,73,74,75,76] |
| Ocimum × africanum Lour. = Ocimum × citriodorum | Nerol (23.0%), Geranial (15.77%), Methyl chavicol (9.45%), Linalool (9.42%), β-Bisabolenene (8.31%), β-Caryophyllene (7.8%), Geraniol (5.2%), Neral (4.93%), α-Bergamotene (3.52%), α-Bisabolene (2.29%), β-Cubebene (2.26%) | [76] |
| Ocimum campechianum Mill. = Ocimum micranthum Willd. | Eugenol (46.55%), β-Caryophyllene (11.94%), β-Elemene (9.06%), 1,8-Cineole (5.35%), δ-Elemene (4.17%), Bicyclogermacrene (2.9%), cis-Ocimene (2.69%), allo-Ocimene (2.42%), α-Humulene (2.4%) | [73] |
| Ocimum forskolei Benth. | endo-Fenchol (31.1%), τ-Cadinol (12.2%), Fenchone (12.2%), Camphor (6.2%), Linalool (5.7%), Methyl(E)-cinnamate (5.1%), α-Bergamotene (3.1%), γ-Cadinene (2.9%), endo-Fenchyl acetate (2.8%), Limonene (2.5%) | [77] |
| Ocimum gratissimum L. | Eugenol (7.42–57.82%), Ethyl cinnamate (0.0–34.0%), Linalool (30.0–32.95%), 1,8-Cineole (6.5–21.91%), α-Bisabolene (0.0–17.19%), Camphor (3.8–11.97%), Thymol (0.0–9.8%), α-Cadinol (5.18%), Germacrene D (0.79–4.76%), α-Terpineol (3.36%), γ-Terpinene (0.0–3.06%), β-Caryophyllene (1.68–3.03%), p-Cymene (0.0–2.11%) | [78,79,80] |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum L. = Ocimum sanctum L. | Eugenol (0.0–61.3%), Methyl chavicol (0.0–44.63%), Linalool (0.26–21.84%), α-Caryophyllene (3.3–11.89%), Germacrene D (0.37–9.14%), Carvone (0.0–6.31%), Limonene (0.71–4.39%), β-Caryophyllene (1.4–3.3%), α-Cubebene (0.0–2.54%), Carvacrol (0.0–2.04%) | [81,82,83] |
| Origanum compactum Benth. | Carvacrol (43.26%), Thymol (21.64%), p-Cymene (13.95%), γ-Terpinene (11.28%) | [84] |
| Origanum majorana L. | Terpinen-4-ol (6.66–33.84%), Sabinene hydrate (2.31–28.33%), 1,8-Cineole (0.0–20.9%), Carvacrol (0.0–20.8%), γ-Terpinene (7.59–19.5%), Thymol (0.0–12.18%), α-Terpinene (3.03–10.08%), β-Phellandrene (1.96–8.0%), p-Cymene (2.45–7.84%), Sabinene (3.2–6.7%), Limonene (0.0–5.3%), α-Terpineol (2.7–4.7%), Linalool (0.0–4.4%), Terpinolene (0.98–3.76%), Linalool acetate (1.82–3.2%), Geraniol (2.7%), β-Caryophyllene (1.7–2.38%), α-Pinene (0.0–2.0%) | [62,68,85,86,87] |
| Origanum vulgare L. | Pulegone (0.0–77.45%), Carvacrol (0.21–65.9%), Cymenol (0.0–58.6%), Thymol (3.7–45.22%), o-Cymene (0.0–14.33%), Terpinen-4-ol (0.03–12.55%), β-Terpineol (0.0–10.46%), p-Cymene (0.5–9.3%), γ-Terpinene (3.1–9.12%), Borneol (0.0–6.1%), α-Pinene (0.0–5.1%), Menthone (0.0–4.86%), Linalool (0.0–4.8%), β-Bisabolene (0.0–4.5%), Caryophyllene oxide (0.0–4.5%), Sabinene (0.0–3.91%), β-Phellandrene (0.0–3.74%), β-Caryophyllene (00–3.7%), α-Terpineol (0.0–3.35%), Sabinene hydrate (0.0–3.31%), α-Cadinol (0.0–3.3%), α-Terpinene (1.63–3.1%), Eucalyptol (0.0–2.8%), β-Ocimene (0.0–2.77%), cis-Isopulegone (2.22%), β-Myrcene (0.0–2.2%), Anisole (0.0–2.13%), Piperitenone (0.0–2.13%), Germacrene D (0.0–1.23%) | [49,62,64,68,74,88,89,90,91] |
| Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. | Patchouli alcohol (38.3–44.52%), α-Bulnesene (0.0–13.3%), δ-Guaiene (12.64%), α-Guaiene (8.89–9.6%), Pogostol (0.0–6.2%), Seychellene (5.8%), α-Bergamotene (5.76%), Eremophilene (4.34%), β-Guaiene (3.54%), β-Caryophyllene (1.93–3.0%), β-Patchoulene (1.8–2.77%) | [92,93] |
| Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. | Acetophenone (51.0%), Patchouli alcohol (14.0%), Nerolidol (5.4%), β-Pinene (5.3%), Limonene (4.0%), Benzoyl acetone (3.1%), α-Pinene (2.4%), β-Caryophyllene (2.0%) | [93] |
| Premna microphylla Turcz. | Blumenol C (49.7%), β-Cedrene (6.1%), Limonene (3.8%), α-Guaiene (3.3%), Cryptone (3.1%), α-Cyperone (2.7%), cis-14-nor-Muurol-5-en-4-one (2.4%) | [94] |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | α-Pinene (5.4–37.9%), 1,8-Cineole (0.88–26.54%), Eucalyptol (0.0–24.34%), Limonene (0.0–21.7%), Camphor (2.45–21.6%), Myrcene (0.9–20.18%), Borneol (0.0–18.08%), Bornyl acetete (0.92–14.9%), Verbenone (1.36–12.0%)Camphene (1.7–11.38%), Linalool oxide (0.0–10.8%), β-Pinene (0.0–6.95%), β-Caryophyllene (0.0–6.3%), Linalool (00–5.32%), o-Cymene (0.0–4.43%), p-Cymene (0.0–4.34%), β-Phellandrene (0.0–3.9%), Sabinene (0.0–3.72%), α-Terpineol (1.19–3.36%), Isobornyl acetate (0.0–3.3%), Carvacrol (0.0–3.15%), Verbenol (0.7–3.03%), α-Humulene (0.0–2.6%), α-Terpinene (0.21–2.4%), Terpinen-4-ol (0.34–2.15%) | [51,62,68,87,91,95,96,97,98] |
| Salvia fruticosa Miller | 1,8-Cineole (16.9–54.4%), Camphor (0.6–18.34%), Manool (0–11.2%), β-Thujone (0.6–9.0%), β-Pinene (0.0–9.0%), Sabinene (0.0–8.6%), Viridiflorol (0.0–8.4%)β-Caryophyllene (1.53–8.3%), α-Thujone (trace–8.1%), Borneol (0.0–8.0%), Camphene (0.0–7.0%), α-Pinene (1.5–6.85%), Bornyl acetate (0.0–6.8%), α-Terpineol (trace–6.7%), Myrcene (1.3–5.2%), Caryophyllene oxide (0.0–3.9%), α-Terpinyl acetate (0.0–2.2%), α-Humulene (0.16–1.5%) | [49,51,99] |
| Salvia mirzayanii Rech. f. and Esfand | 1,8-Cineole (41.2%), Linalool acetate (10.7%), α-Terpinyl acetate (5.7%), Myrcene (4.7%), Geranyl acetate (3.7%), γ-Cadinene (3.3%), Linalool (2.5%), Neryl acetate (2.3%) | [100] |
| Salvia officinalis L. | 1,8-Cineole (4.2–50.3%), Camphor (8.8–25.0%), α-Thujone (1.2–19.9%), Viridiflorol (0.5–17.5%), β-Thujone (0.1–9.9%), β-Pinene (0.8–7.3%), β-Caryophyllene (1.4–5.5%), Borneol (1.5–5.4%), α-Pinene (0.5–4.8%), Camphene (0.2–3.9%), Bornyl acetate (0.2–3.3%), α-Terpineol (0.0–3.1%), α-Terpenyl acetate (1.4–2.9%), α-Humulene (0.4–2.6%),α-Farnesene (0.0–2.5%), Eicosane (0.0–2.0%) | [96,101] |
| Salvia sclarea L. | Linalyl acetate (84%), Caryophyllene oxide (24.1%), Linalool (13.6%), 1H-Naphtho(2,1,6)pyran (8.6%), Sclareol (11.5%), Spathulenol (11.4%), β-Caryophyllene (5.1%) | [85,102] |
| Satureja hortensis L. | Thymol (23.12–29.0%), Carvacrol (24.5–26.5%), γ-Terpinene (20.72–22.6%), p-Cymene (6.3–9.3%), α-Terpinene (2.2–2.93%), α-Pinene (2.6–2.91%), β-Pinene (0.92–2.7%), Limonene (0.0–2.55%), β-Bisabolene (0.2–2.2%) | [103,104] |
| Satureja montana L. | Carvacrol (47.1%), p-Cymene (9.0%), γ-Terpinene (6.1%), β-Caryophyllene (3.6%), Linalool (3.1%), Thymol (2.6%), Borneol (2.1%) | [68] |
| Satureja thymbra L. | Thymol (25.16–44.5%), γ-Terpinene (11.1–39.23%), p-Cymene (7.17–21.7%), Carvacrol (4.18–5.3%), Carvacrol methyl ether (0.1–3.33%), α-Terpinene (1.0–3.26%), β-Caryophyllene (1.2–2.76%), Caryophyllene oxide (0.32–2.0%) | [51,105] |
| Stachys cretica L. | Germacrene D (12.9–20.3%), β-Caryophyllene (0.9–9.5%), α-Pinene (0.7–8.6%), Octacosane (0.0–7.2%), β-Pinene (1.5–6.2%), Linalyl acetate (0.0–5.2%), Nonacosane (0.4–4.9%), 9-Geranyl-p-cymene (0.0–4.9%), Heptacosane (0.3–4.8%), cis-Chrysanthenyl acetate (0.0–4.8%), β-Farnesene (3.1–4.0%), Hexadecanoic acid (1.3–3.5%), Caryophyllene oxide (0.5–2.9%), β-Bisabolene (1.6–2.8%), Linalool (0.0–2.6%), Pentacosane (0.0–2.5%), Sesquisabinene (2.1%), Geranyl acetate (0.0–2.1%) | [106] |
| Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis | Germacrene D (19.9%), β-Caryophyllene (14.1%), α-Humulene (7.5%), δ-Cadinene (4.0%), β-Bourbonene (3.8%), α-Selinene (3.4%), γ-Muurolene (3.2%), Oct-1-en-3-ol (2.9%), Caryophyllene oxide (2.5%), Hexadecanoic acid (2.4%), β-Selinene (2.1%), γ-Cadinene (2.0%), τ-Muurolol (2.0%) | [107] |
| Stachys pubescens Ten. | Germacrene (22.4%), δ-Cadinene (19.7%), 2,6-Octadien (11.5%), Linalool (9.7%), Limonene (6.3%), δ-Elemene (5.4%), β-Ocimene (2.8%), α-Terpinene (2.7%), 2,6-Octadienal (2.1%) | [108] |
| Teucrium sauvagei Le Houerou | β-Eudesmol (28.8%), τ-Cadinol (17.5%), α-Thujene (8.7%), γ-Cadinene (5.6%), Sabinene (4.8%), β-Selinene (4.2%), Limonene (2.8%), γ-Selinene (2.8%), α-Selinene (2.8%), δ-Cadinene (2.2%), Terpinen-4-ol (2.2%), p-Cymene (2.0%), | [109] |
| Teucrium yemense Deflers. | Caryophyllene oxide (4.3–20.1%), 7-epi-α-Selinene (1.3–20.1%), β-Caryophyllene (11.2–19.1%), α-Cadinol (2.0–9.5%), α-Pinene (2.3–6.6%), δ-Cadinene (0.4–6.5%), α-Humulene (4.0–6.4%), τ-Cadinol (2.0–5.7%), γ-Selinene (0.4–5.5%), τ-Muurolol (0.6–4.9%), Shyobunol (0.0–4.6%), Valencene (0.0–3.7%), Ledol (0.5–3.6%), cis-Sesquisabinene hydrate (0.9–3.4%), β-Pinene (1.1–3.1%), Germacrene D-4-ol (0.0–3.1%), γ-Cadinene (0.0–2.7%), β-Selinene (0.3–2.5%), Alloaromadendrene (trace–2.2%) | [77] |
| Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. = Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. and Link = Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Rchb.f. Solms | Carvacrol (35.6–75.0%), Thymol (0.1–29.3%), p-Cymene (5.0–21.0%), γ-Terpinene (4.0–12.3%), α-Terpinene (1.0–3.0%), β-Myrcene (0.8–3.0%), Linalool (0.5–2.9%), β-Caryophyllene (0.2–2.5%) | [51,110,111,112] |
| Thymbra spicata L. | Carvacrol (20.1–64.0%), γ-Terpinene (11.6–31.2%), p-Cymene (9.6–26.0%), α-Terpinene (1.2–10.1%), β-Myrcene (0.9–7.7%), Thujene (trace–5.2%), β-Caryophyllene (0.5–5.1%) | [51,113,114] |
| Thymus bovei Benth. | Geraniol (35.38%), α-Citral (20.37%), β-Citral (14.76%), Nerol (7.38%), 3-Octanol (4.38%) | [115] |
| Thymus daenensis Celak. | Carvacrol (31.46%), α-Terpineol (22.95%), Thymol (20.2%), Camphene (6.27%), 2,6-Octadien (2.22%), Borneol (2.17%), Cyclohexanone (2.1%) | [108] |
| Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. and Hohen. | Thymol (46.72%), Benzene (6.88%), Carvacrol (3.73%), γ-Terpinene (3.58%), β-Caryophyllene (3.39%), Linalool (2.88%), Phenol (2.61%), Borneol (2.51%), Isopropyl (2.07%) | [108] |
| Thymus mastichina (L.) L. | 1,8-Cineole (67.4%), Linalool (4.3%), β-Pinene (4.0%), α-Terpineol (3.5%), α-Pinene (3.0%), Sabinene (2.4%) | [116] |
| Thymus migricus Klokov et Des.-Shost. | Thymol (44.9%), Geraniol (10.8%), γ-Terpinene (10.3%), Citronellol (8.5%), p-Cymene (7.2%) | [117,118] |
| Thymus pulegioides L. | Thymol (26.0%), Carvacrol (21.0%), γ-Terpinene (8.8%), p-Cymene (7.8%), Octan-3-one (3.9%), Camphor (3.9%), β-Bisabolene (3.0%), Borneol (2.9%), Oct-1-en-3-ol (2.0%) | [119] |
| Thymus schimperi Ronniger | Carvacrol (13.91–39.07%), Thymol (11.53–34.66%), o-Cymene (18.72–27.06%), γ-Terpinene (4.13–13.73%), Linalool (3.34–3.59%), 3-Octanone (1.05–2.67%), α-Terpinene (1.67–2.37%) | [120] |
| Thymus serpyllum L. | Thymol (52.6%), p-Cymene (15.3%), β-Caryophyllene (6.8%), Sabinene hydrate (3.8%), γ-Terpinene (2.9%), Terpinen-4-ol (2.4%) | [68] |
| Thymus striatus Vahl. | Thymol (59.5%), γ-Terpinene (11.6%), p-Cymene (6.4%), Carvacrol methyl ether (5.9%), Carvacrol (4.9%), α-Terpinene (3.3%), β-Caryophyllene (2.3%) | [121] |
| Thymus vulgaris L. | Carvacrol (3.5–70.3%), Thymol (0.6–51.8%), Borneol (0.0–40.6%), p-Cymene (2.9–38.9%), o-Cymene (0.0–31.7%), α-Terpineol (0.0–19.9%), Linalool (0.0–16.0%), γ-Terpinene (0.3–12.65%), Camphene (0.0–12.3%), 1,8-Cineole (0.0–11.3%), α-Pinene (0.2–6.1%), β-Caryophyllene (0.0–3.5%), Neomenthol (0.0–2.8%), β-Cubebene (0.0–2.4%), Geraniol (0.0–2.32%), Menthone (0.0–2.2%) | [61,64,74,85,87,104,116,122,123,124,125,126] |
| Thymus zygis L. | Linalool (5.5–39.7%), Thymol (0.52–39.6%), p-Cymene (2.2–21.2%), Terpinen-4-ol (1.0–11.7%), β-Myrcene (3.0–8.6%), γ-Terpinene (7.6–7.9%), α-Terpinene (1.2–4.2%), β-Caryophyllene (1.6–3.6%), α-Pinene (0.9–3.6%), Limonene (1.7–2.6%), Carvacrol (0.08–2.4%), Terpinolene (0.2–2.0%) | [116,127] |
| Vitex agnus-castus L. | Eucalyptol (20.5%), 1,8-Cineole (1.5–19.61%), Bicyclogermacrene (0.0–16.2%), β-Farnesene (0.0–16.1%), Sabinene (0.0–14.57%), Sclarene (0.0–10.9%), α-Pinene (0.9–9.76%), Manool (0.0–8.2%), β-Caryophyllene (3.0–6.6%), β-Caryophyllene oxide (0.0–5.83%), Limonene (0.0–4.89%), Vulgarol B (0.0–4.7%), β-Pinene (0.4–4.4%), α-Terpinyl acetate (1.2–4.21%), β-Sitosterol (3.13%), p-Cymene (0.0–3.11%), Geranyl linalool (0.0–3.1%), β-Phellandrene (0.0–3.0%), Cembrene A (0.7–2.8%), Beyrene (0.0–2.6%), β-Myrcene (trace–2.12%), γ-Elemene (2.11%), s-Cadinol (2.01%) | [51,128,129] |
| Zataria multiflora Boiss. | Thymol (25.8–48.4%), Carvacrol (1.5–34.36%), Carvacrol methyl ether (0.0–28.32%), p-Cymene (2.27–13.2%), γ-Terpinene (0.92–10.6%), Linalool (0.9–6.52%), α-Terpinenyl acetate (5.4%), α-Terpineol (0.5–3.69%), α-Pinene (0.02–3.13%), β-Caryophyllene (2.24–3.12%), Carvacrol acetate (0.0–2.26%), Terpinen-4-ol (0.0–2.21%) | [117,130] |
| Ziziphora clinopodioides L. | Carvacrol (0.63–74.29%), Thymol (7.28–55.6%), γ-Terpinene (1.54–24.56%), p-Cymene (2.21–10.25%), α-Terpinene (0.39–2.77%) | [131,132] |
| Ziziphora tenuior L. | Pulegone (46.8%), p-Menth-3-en-8-ol (12.5%), Isomenthone (6.6%), 8-Hydroxymenthone (6.2%), Isomenthol (4.7%), Limonene (3.2%) | [133] |