Skip to main content
. 2020 Jan 7;10(1):103. doi: 10.3390/biom10010103

Table 3.

Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of essential oils against fungi.

Source of the Essential Oil Targeted Fungus MICs (µg/mL; µl/mL) Reference(s)
Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng. = A. heliotropioides Oliv. Candida albicans 1200–5000 [34]
Candida glabrata 5000 [34]
Candida krusei 2500 [34]
Candida parapsilosis 2500 [34]
Candida tropicalis 1200 [34]
Cryptococcus neoformans 600–5000 [34]
Agastache rugosa (Fisch. and C.A.Mey.) Kuntze Aspergillus flavus 10,000 [153]
Aspergillus niger 5000 [153]
Blastoschizomyces capitatus 5000 [153]
Candida albicans 28–5000 [153,154]
Candida utilis 5000 [153]
Candida tropicalis 5000 [153]
Cryptococcus neoformans 10,000 [153]
Trichoderma viride 5000 [153]
Trichophyton erinacei 780 [153]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 3120 [153]
Trichophyton rubrum 1560 [153]
Trichophyton schoenleinii 1560 [153]
Trichophyton soudanense 1560 [153]
Trichophyton tonsurans 10,000 [153]
Trichosporon mucoides 5000 [153]
Ballota nigra subsp. foetida (Vis.) Hayek Alternaria solani 750 [37]
Botrytis cinerea 600 [37]
Fusarium coeruleum 350 [37]
Fusarium culmorum 300 [37]
Fusarium oxysporum 300 [37]
Fusarium solani 350 [37]
Fusarium sporotrichioides 350 [37]
Fusarium tabacinum 350 [37]
Fusarium verticillioides 300 [37]
Clinopodium dalmaticum (Benth.) Bräuchler and Heubl = Micromeria dalmatica Benth. Aspergillus niger 0.4 [38]
Aspergillus ochraceus 0.4 [38]
Cladosporium cladosporioides 0.4 [38]
Fusarium tricinctum 0.4 [38]
Penicilium ochrochloron 0.4 [38]
Phomopsis helianthi 0.2 [38]
Trichoderma viride 0.4 [38]
Clinopodium nepeta subsp. glandulosum (Req.) Govaerts = Calamintha glandulosa (Req.) Bentham = Calamintha officinalis Moench Aspergillus niger 1250 [39]
Candida albicans 2500 [39]
Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze = Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi Aspergillus flavus 1.25–10 [41]
Aspergillus fumigatus 0.64–5 [41]
Aspergillus niger 0.32–10 [41]
Candida albicans 1.25–12,480 [41,42]
Candida guillermondii 1.25–2.5 [41]
Candida krusei 1.25–2.5 [41]
Candida parapsilosis 1.25–2.5 [41]
Candida tropicalis 1.25–2.5 [41]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.32–1.25 [41]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.64–2.5 [41]
Microsporum canis 0.64–2.5 [41]
Microsporum gypseum 1.25–5 [41]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.64–5 [41]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.64–5 [41]
Clinopodium thymifolium (Scop.) Kuntze = Micromeria thymifolia (Scop.) Fritsch Aspergillus niger 2 [38]
Aspergillus ochraceus 2 [38]
Cladosporium cladosporioides 2 [38]
Fusarium tricinctum 2 [38]
Penicillium ochrochloron 2 [38]
Phomopsis helianthi 0.4 [38]
Trichoderma viride 2 [38]
Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze = Calamintha umbrosa Benth. Alternaria solani 3000 [43]
Fusarium oxysporum 2000 [43]
Helminthosporium maydis 1500 [43]
Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. Alternaria solani 625 [155]
Candida albicans 625–1000 [44,155]
Epidermophyton floccosum 2500 [155]
Fusarium semitectum 313 [155]
Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. Aspergillus niger 480 [45]
Candida albicans 240 [45]
Hyptis ovalifolia Benth. Microsporum canis 15.6–1000 [46,156]
Microsporum gypseum 7.8–1000 [46,156]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 15.6–1000 [46,156]
Trichophyton rubrum 7.8–1000 [46,156]
Hyssopus officinalis L. Aspergillus niger 52,200 [47]
Aspergillus ochraceus 26,100 [47]
Aspergillus versicolor 10,440 [47]
Candida albicans 128–1000 [44,48]
Candida glabrata 512–1024 [48]
Candida krusei 128–256 [48]
Candida parapsilosis 256–512 [48]
Candida tropicalis 512–1024 [48]
Cladosporium cladosporioides 10,440 [47]
Cladosporium fulvum 26,100 [47]
Penicillium funiculosum 52,200 [47]
Penicillium ochrochloron 26,100 [47]
Trichoderma viride 10,440 [47]
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Candida albicans 0.125–512 [50,51,157]
Malassezia furfur >4 [49]
Trichophyton rubrum 1–512 [49,51]
Trichosporon beigelii 2 [49]
Lavandula multifida L. Aspergillus flavus 0.64 [52]
Aspergillus fumigatus 0.32 [52]
Aspergillus niger 0.32 [52]
Candida albicans 0.32 [52]
Candida guilliermondii 0.32 [52]
Candida krusei 0.64 [52]
Candida parapsilosis 0.32 [52]
Candida tropicalis 0.32 [52]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.16 [52]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.16 [52]
Microsporum canis 0.16 [52]
Microsporum gypseum 0.16 [52]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.16 [52]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 0.16 [52]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.16 [52]
Trichophyton verrucosum 0.16 [52]
Lavandula pedunculata (Miller) Cav. Aspergillus flavus 5–10 [53]
Aspergillus fumigatus 2.5–5 [53]
Aspergillus niger 5 [53]
Candida albicans 2.5 [53]
Candida guillermondii 1.25 [53]
Candida krusei 1.25–2.5 [53]
Candida parapsilosis 2.5–5 [53]
Candida tropicalis 1.25–2.5 [53]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.32–1.25 [53]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.32–0.64 [53]
Microsporum canis 0.32–1.25 [53]
Microsporum gypseum 0.64–2.5 [53]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.64–1.25 [53]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.32–1.25 [53]
Lavandula stoechas L. Aspergillus flavus 1.25–10 [54]
Aspergillus fumigatus 0.64–1.25 [54]
Aspergillus niger 0.32–1.25 [54]
Candida albicans 0.64–512 [51,54]
Candida guillermondii 1.25 [54]
Candida krusei 2.5 [54]
Candida parapsilosis 2.5 [54]
Candida tropicalis 2.5 [54]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.64 [54]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.16–0.32 [54]
Microsporum canis 0.16–0.64 [54]
Microsporum gypseum 0.32–0.64 [54]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.32–0.64 [54]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 0.16–0.64 [54]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.16–256 [51,54]
Trichophyton verrucosum 0.32 [54]
Lavandula viridis L’Her. Aspergillus flavus 5 [55]
Aspergillus fumigatus 2.5 [55]
Aspergillus niger 2.5 [55]
Candida albicans 1.25–2.5 [55]
Candida guillermondii 0.64–1.25 [55]
Candida krusei 1.25–2.5 [55]
Candida parapsilosis 1.25 [55]
Candida tropicalis 1.25–2.5 [55]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.64 [55]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.32 [55]
Microsporum canis 0.32 [55]
Microsporum gypseum 0.64 [55]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.32–0.64 [55]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 0.32–0.64 [55]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.32 [55]
Trichophyton verrucosum 0.32 [55]
Lepechinia mutica (Benth.) Epling Candida albicans >9000 [56]
Fusarium graminearum >9000 [56]
Microsporum canis 2200–4500 [56]
Pyricularia oryzae >9000 [56]
Trichophyton rubrum 2200–4500 [56]
Marrubium vulgare L. Aspergillus niger >1180 [58]
Botrytis cinerea >1100 [58]
Fusarium solani >1190 [58]
Penicillium digitatum >1120 [58]
Melissa officinalis L. Aspergillus niger 313 [158]
Candida albicans 30–313 [59,158]
Cryptococcus neoformans 78 [158]
Epidermophyton floccosum 30 [59]
Microsporum canis 30 [59]
Penicillium verrucosum 125 [159]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes 15 [59]
Trichophyton rubrum 15 [59]
Trichophyton tonsurans 15 [59]
Mentha cervina L. Aspergillus flavus 2.5–5 [60]
Aspergillus fumigatus 1.25–2.5 [60]
Aspergillus niger 1.25–2.5 [60]
Candida albicans 1.25–2.5 [60]
Candida guillermondii 1.25–2.5 [60]
Candida krusei 1.25–2.5 [60]
Candida parapsilosis 1.25–2.5 [60]
Candida tropicalis 1.25–2.5 [60]
Cryptococcus neoformans 1.25 [60]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.64–1.25 [60]
Microsporum canis 1.25 [60]
Microsporum gypseum 1.25–2.5 [60]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 1.25–2.5 [60]
Trichophyton rubrum 1.25 [60]
Mentha × piperita L. Aspergillus flavus 1450–5000 [62,64]
Aspergillus niger 625–10,000 [64,158]
Aspergillus parasiticus 2500 [64]
Candida albicans 225–1125 [63,158,160]
Candida glabrata 225 [62]
Candida tropicalis 225–230 [62]
Cryptococcus neoformans 313 [158]
Fusarium oxysporum 125 [161]
Penicillium chrysogenum 1250 [64]
Penicillium minioluteum 2050–2200 [62]
Penicillium oxalicum 1300–2050 [62]
Penicillium verrucosum 2500 [90]
Mentha pulegium L. Aspergillus niger 0.25–1.25 [65,162]
Aspergillus flavus 1.25 [162]
Aspergillus fumigatus 1.25 [162]
Candida albicans 0.94–3.75 [65,66,162,163]
Candida bracarensis 3.75 [163]
Candida guillermondii 1.25 [162]
Candida krusei 0.94–1.25 [162,163]
Candida parapsilosis 1.25 [162]
Candida tropicalis 1.25 [162]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.64 [162]
Epidermophyton floccosum 1.25 [162]
Microsporum canis 1.25 [162]
Microsporum gypseum 1.25–2.5 [162]
Saccharomyces cervisiae <0.3–0.94 [66,163]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 1.25–2.5 [162]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 2.5 [162]
Trichophyton rubrum 1.25 [162]
Trichophyton verrucosum 1.25 [162]
Mentha requienii Bentham Alternaria spp. >40 [67]
Aspergillus fumigatus >60 [67]
Candida albicans 0.94–40 [67,163]
Candida bracarensis 3.75 [163]
Candida krusei 0.94 [163]
Fusarium spp. >40 [67]
Penicillum spp. >60 [67]
Rhodotorula spp. 45 [67]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0.94 [163]
Mentha spicata L. Aspergillus flavus 1.25 [162]
Aspergillus fumigatus 0.64 [162]
Aspergillus niger 0.64–313 [158,162]
Candida albicans 1.25–625 [51,158,162]
Candida guillermondii 1.25 [162]
Candida krusei 1.25 [162]
Candida parapsilosis 1.25 [162]
Candida tropicalis 1.25 [162]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.32–313 [158,162]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.64 [162]
Fusarium graminearum 2.5 [164]
Fusarium moniliforme 2.5 [164]
Malassezia furfur >4 [49]
Microsporum canis 0.64–2 [68,162]
Microsporum gypseum 0.64–3 [162]
Penicillium corylophilum 0.625 [165]
Penicillium expansum 2.5 [164]
Trichophyton erinacei 3 [68]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.64–3 [68,162]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 0.64 [162]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.25–512 [49,51,162]
Trichophyton terrestre 3 [68]
Trichophyton verrucosum 0.32 [162]
Trichosporon beigelii 0.25 [49]
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Candida albicans 0.34–1250 [69,71,166]
Candida glabrata 0.69–2.77 [69]
Cryptococcus neoformans 300 [167]
Microsporum canis 1250 [167]
Microsporum gypseum 1250 [167]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 600–1250 [167]
Trichophyton rubrum 5000 [167]
Trichophyton violaceum 600 [167]
Micromeria albanica (Griseb. ex K. Maly) Silic Aspergillus niger 0.2 [38]
Aspergillus ochraceus 0.2 [38]
Cladosporium cladosporioides 0.2 [38]
Fusarium tricinctum 0.4 [38]
Penicilium ochrochloron 0.2 [38]
Phomopsis helianthi 0.2 [38]
Trichoderma viride 0.4 [38]
Moluccella spinosa L. Aspergillus niger 50 [72]
Candida albicans 100 [72]
Fusarium oxysporum 100 [72]
Nepeta ciliaris Benth. = Nepeta leucophylla Benth. Alternaria solani 3000 [43]
Candida albicans 0.78 [168]
Fusarium oxysporum 1000 [43]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.19 [168]
Helminthosporium maydis 1500 [43]
Nepeta clarkei Hook. f. Alternaria solani 3000 [43]
Fusarium oxysporum 2000 [43]
Helminthosporium maydis 2000 [43]
Ocimum basilicum L. Aspergillus flavus 10,000 [64]
Aspergillus fumigatus >50 [75]
Aspergillus niger >50–10,000 [64,75,158]
Aspergillus parasiticus 5000 [64]
Candida albicans 30–625 [73,74,158]
Candida guilliermondii 3.125–6.25 [76]
Cryptococcus neoformans 313–1250 [158,169]
Debaryomyces hansenii 6.25 [76]
Epidermophyton floccosum 15 [74]
Microsporum canis 1–15.2 [68,74]
Microsporum gypseum 3 [68]
Penicillium chrysogenum 10,000 [64]
Penicillium italicum >50 [75]
Rhizopus stolonifer >50 [75]
Rhodotorula glutinis 86 [73]
Trichophyton erinacei 2.5 [68]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 2.5–8.3 [68,74]
Trichophyton terrestre 3 [68]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 28 [73]
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 86 [73]
Trichophyton rubrum 8.3 [74]
Trichophyton tonsurans 8 [74]
Yarrowia lypolytica 57 [73]
Ocimum × africanum Lour. = Ocimum × citriodorum Candida guilliermondii 3.125 [76]
Debaryomyces hansenii 1.56 [76]
Ocimum campechianum Mill. = Ocimum micranthum Willd. Candida albicans 69 [73]
Rhodotorula glutinis 139 [73]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 69 [73]
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 104 [73]
Yarrowia lypolytica 69 [73]
Ocimum forskolei Benth. Candida albicans 35.3–8600 [77,170]
Ocimum gratissimum L. Aspergillus fumigatus >1000 [78]
Candida albicans 350–1500 [78,171]
Candida krusei 750 [171]
Candida parapsilosis 380 [171]
Candida tropicalis 1500 [171]
Cryptococcus neoformans 250–300 [78,79]
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 62.5 [80]
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici 31.25 [80]
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum 62.5 [80]
Fusarium solani 62.5 [80]
Macrophomina phaseolina 62.5–125 [80]
Malassezia pachydermatis 300 [78]
Microsporum canis 200–500 [78,172]
Microsporum gypseum 150–250 [78,172]
Rhizoctonia solani 31.25 [80]
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis 400 [78]
Trichophyton interdigitale 250 [78]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 200–250 [78,172]
Trichophyton rubrum 150–250 [78,172]
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. = Ocimum sanctum L. Aspergillus flavus 300 [83]
Candida albicans 0.1–300 [81,82]
Candida glabrata 0.15–300 [81,82]
Candida krusei 0.35–450 [81,82]
Candida parapsilosis 0.25–500 [81,82]
Candida tropicalis 0.1–300 [81,82]
Origanum compactum Benth. Alternaria alternata 300 [84]
Bipolaris oryzae 300 [84]
Fusarium equiseti 300 [84]
Fusarium graminearum 300 [84]
Fusarium verticillioides 300 [84]
Origanum majorana L. Aspergillus flavus 450–650 [62]
Aspergillus niger 625 [158]
Botrytis cinerea 5000 [87]
Candida albicans 625 [158]
Cryptococcus neoformans 313 [158]
Fusarium delphinoides 1800–14,400 [85]
Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti 450–3600 [85]
Fusarium napiforme 3600–14,400 [85]
Fusarium oxysporum 900–3600 [85]
Fusarium solani 900–3600 [85]
Fusarium verticillioides 14,400 [85]
Microsporum canis 0.5 [68]
Microsporum gypseum 2 [68]
Penicillium expansum 10,000 [87]
Penicillium minioluteum 400–500 [62]
Penicillium oxalicum 350–400 [62]
Sporothrix brasiliensis ≤2250–9000 [86]
Sporothrix schenckii ≤2250–9000 [86]
Trichophyton erinacei 1 [68]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 1.5 [68]
Trichophyton terrestre 2 [68]
Origanum vulgare L. Aspergillus flavus 0.64–2500 [64,89,91]
Aspergillus fumigatus 0.32–0.64 [89]
Aspergillus niger 0.32–623 [62,89,91,158]
Aspergillus ochraceus 470 [91]
Aspergillus parasiticus 2500 [64]
Candida albicans 0.32–700 [74,88,89,91,158]
Candida glabrata 350 [88]
Candida guillermondii 0.64–1.25 [89]
Candida krusei 0.64–700 [88,89]
Candida parapsilosis 0.64–170 [88,89]
Candida tropicalis 0.32–700 [88,89]
Cladosporium sp. 0.05–0.3 [173]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.16–78 [89,158]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.32–2 [74,89]
Fusarium sp. 0.1–0.5 [173]
Malassezia furfur 1–780 [49,174]
Microsporum canis 0.025–2 [68,74,89]
Microsporum gypseum 0.025–1.25 [68,89]
Penicillium sp. 0.1–0.5 [173]
Penicillium chrysogenum 625 [64]
Penicillium corylophilum 0.625 [165]
Penicillium funiculosum 610 [91]
Penicillium ochrochloron 710 [91]
Penicillium verrucosum 1.1719 [90,91]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.32–1.25 [74,89]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.16–1.25 [49,74,89]
Trichophyton tonsurans 1 [74]
Trichosporon beigelii 0.25 [49]
Trichophyton erinacei 0.5 [68]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.5 [68]
Trichophyton terrestre 0.25 [68]
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Aspergillus flavus >1500 [92]
Aspergillus niger 156 [158]
Aspergillus oryzae >1500 [92]
Candida albicans 32–625 [158,175]
Candida krusei 64–257 [175]
Candida tropicalis 32–257 [175]
Cryptococcus neoformans 20 [158]
Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. Candida albicans 6000 [176]
Candida glabrata 6000 [176]
Candida tropicalis 10,000 [176]
Premna microphylla Turcz. Aspergillus niger >500 [94]
Candida albicans >500 [94]
Fusarium oxysporum >500 [94]
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Aspergillus flavus 330 [91]
Aspergillus ochraceus 590 [91]
Aspergillus niger 380–10,000 [91,98,158]
Botrytis cinerea 2500 [87]
Candida albicans 30.2–1000 [51,91,96,98,158]
Cryptococcus neoformans 313 [158]
Epidermophyton floccosum 30 [96]
Microsporum canis 2.5–30.2 [68,96]
Microsporum gypseum 2.5 [68]
Penicillium expansum 5000 [87]
Penicillium ochrochloron 470 [91]
Penicillium funiculosum 570 [91]
Trichophyton erinacei 1.5 [68]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 5–15.3 [68,96]
Trichophyton rubrum 15–256 [51,96]
Trichophyton terrestre 5 [68]
Trichophyton tonsurans 15.2 [96]
Salvia fruticosa Miller Candida albicans 512 [51]
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi >2000 [99]
Fusarium proliferatum >2000 [99]
Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae >2000 [99]
Malassezia furfur >4 [99]
Rhizoctonia solani >2000 [99]
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum >2000 [99]
Trichophyton rubrum 2–256 [49,99]
Trichosporon beigelii 4 [49]
Salvia mirzayanii Rech. f. and Esfand Candida albicans 0.5–2 [100]
Candida krusei 1 [100]
Candida dubliniensis 0.06–0.5 [100]
Candida glabrata 0.06–1 [100]
Candida parapsilosis 0.25–1 [100]
Candida tropicalis 0.25–2 [100]
Trichosporon sp. 1 [100]
Salvia officinalis L. Aspergillus flavus 5–10 [101]
Aspergillus fumigatus 2.5–5 [101]
Aspergillus niger 5–1250 [101,158]
Candida albicans 2.5–2780 [96,101,158,177]
Candida guillermondii 1.25–2.5 [101]
Candida krusei 2.5–5 [101]
Candida parapsilosis 5 [101]
Candida tropicalis 5 [101]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.64–625 [101,158]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.64–100 [96,101]
Microsporum canis 1.25–100.2 [96,101]
Microsporum gypseum 1.25–2.5 [101]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 1.25–60 [96,101]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 1.25 [101]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.64–60 [96,101]
Trichophyton tonsurans 60 [96]
Trichophyton verrucosum 1.25–2.5 [101]
Salvia sclarea L. Aspergillus niger 1250 [158]
Candida albicans 1250 [158]
Cryptococcus neoformans 313 [158]
Fusarium delphinoides 1800–3600 [85]
Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti 1800–3600 [85]
Fusarium napiforme 1800–3600 [85]
Fusarium oxysporum 1800–3600 [85]
Fusarium solani 3600–7200 [85]
Fusarium verticillioides 1800 [85]
Satureja hortensis L. Alternaria alternata 62.5 [103]
Aspergillus flavus 31.25–500 [103,104,117]
Aspergillus niger 471 [117]
Aspergillus ochraceus 423 [117]
Aspergillus parasiticus 373 [117]
Aspergillus terreus 389 [117]
Aspergillus variecolor 125 [103]
Candida albicans 200–400 [103,178]
Fusarium culmorum 125 [103]
Fusarium oxysporum 250 [103]
Microsporum canis 62.5 [103]
Moniliania fructicola 31.25 [103]
Penicillium spp. 125 [103]
Rhizoctonia solani 125 [103]
Rhizopus spp. 250 [103]
Sclerotinia minor 250 [103]
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 125 [103]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 62.5 [103]
Trichophyton rubrum 31.25 [103]
Satureja montana L. Microsporum canis 0.5 [68]
Microsporum gypseum 2 [68]
Trichophyton erinacei 2 [68]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 2 [68]
Trichophyton terrestre 3 [68]
Satureja thymbra L. Aspergillus flavus 25 [105]
Aspergillus fumigatus 1.25–25 [105,179]
Aspergillus niger 2.5–25 [105,179]
Aspergillus ochraceus 2.5–25 [105,179]
Aspergillus versicolor 1.25 [179]
Candida albicans 25–128 [51,105]
Penicillium funiculosum 2.5–25 [105,179]
Penicillium ochrochloron 1–1.25 [105,179]
Trichoderma viride 1.25–25 [105,179]
Trichophyton rubrum 128 [51]
Stachys cretica L. Candida albicans 625 [106]
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis Aspergillus niger 2500 [107]
Candida albicans 5000 [107]
Stachys pubescens Ten. Alternaria alternata 1 [108]
Aspergillus flavus 0–5 [108]
Fusarium oxysporum 1 [108]
Teucrium sauvagei Le Houerou Aspergillus fumigatus >1000 [109]
Candida albicans >1000 [109]
Cryptococcus neoformans >1000 [109]
Epidermophyton floccosum 850 [109]
Microsporum canis 800 [109]
Microsporum gypseum 900 [109]
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis >1000 [109]
Scytalidium dimidiatum >1000 [109]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 950 [109]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes 900 [109]
Trichophyton rubrum 800 [109]
Trichophyton soudanense 800 [109]
Teucrium yemense Deflers. Aspergillus niger 313 [77]
Botrytis cinerea 313 [77]
Candida albicans 1250 [77]
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. = Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. and Link = Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Rchb.f. Solms Aspergillus flavus 0.32 [111]
Aspergillus fumigatus 0.16–0.32 [111]
Aspergillus niger 0.1–0.16 [111,180]
Aspergillus oryzae 0.2 [180]
Candida albicans 0.16–128 [51,110,111,112]
Candida glabrata 0.32 [111,112]
Candida guilliermondii 0.16–0.32 [111,112]
Candida krusei 0.32 [111]
Candida parapsilosis 0.32 [111,112]
Candida tropicalis 0.32 [111,112]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.08 [111]
Fusarium solani 0.2 [180]
Microsporum canis 0.08 [111]
Microsporum gypseum 0.08 [111]
Penicillium digitatum 0.5 [180]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.08 [111]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.16–64 [51,111]
Thymbra spicata L. Aspergillus fumigatus 0.3 [179]
Aspergillus niger 0.6 [179]
Aspergillus versicolor 0.3 [179]
Aspergillus ochraceus 0.6 [179]
Candida albicans 1.12–3750 [51,113,114]
Candida krusei 1.12 [114]
Candida parapsilosis 0.6–1.12 [114]
Penicillium funiculosum 0.3 [179]
Penicillium ochrochloron 0.3 [179]
Trichoderma viride 0.3 [179]
Trichophyton rubrum 64 [51]
Thymus bovei Benth. Candida albicans 250 [115]
Thymus daenensis Celak. Alternaria alternata >8 [108]
Aspergillus flavus 1 [108]
Fusarium oxysporum 4 [108]
Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. and Hohen. Alternaria alternata 1 [108]
Aspergillus flavus 0.5 [108]
Fusarium oxysporum 0–5 [108]
Thymus mastichina (L.) L. Candida albicans 1.25–2.5 [116]
Candida glabrata 1.25–1.5 [116]
Candida guilliermondii 1.25 [116]
Candida krusei 1.25–2.5 [116]
Candida parapsilosis 2.5–5 [116]
Candida tropicalis 2.5–10 [116]
Thymus migricus Klokov et Des.-Shost. Aspergillus flavus 452 [117]
Aspergillus niger 460 [117]
Aspergillus ochraceus 430 [117]
Aspergillus parasiticus 581 [117]
Aspergillus terreus 447 [117]
Thymus pulegioides L. Aspergillus flavus 0.32 [119]
Aspergillus fumigatus 0.16 [119]
Aspergillus niger 0.32 [119]
Candida albicans 0.32–0.64 [119]
Candida glabrata 0.32–0.64 [119]
Candida guilliermondii 0.32 [119]
Candida krusei 0.32–0.64 [119]
Candida parapsilosis 0.64 [119]
Candida tropicalis 0.32–0.64 [119]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.16 [119]
Microsporum canis 0.16 [119]
Microsporum gypseum 0.16 [119]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.16 [119]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.32 [119]
Thymus schimperi Ronninger Aspergillus minutus 0.512–2 [120]
Aspergillus niger 0.16 [181]
Aspergillus tubingensis 1–4 [120]
Beauveria bassiana 0.128–1 [120]
Candida albicans 0.16 [181]
Microsporum spp. 0.08 [181]
Microsporum gypseum 0.128–1 [120]
Penicillium chrysogenum 0.512–2 [120]
Rhodotorula spp. 0.08 [181]
Tricophyton spp. 0.08–0.31 [181]
Verticillium sp. 0.512–2 [120]
Thymus serpyllum L. Aspergillus carbonarius 1.25 [182]
Aspergillus ochraceus 0.625 [182]
Aspergillus niger 2.5 [182]
Microsporum canis 0.025 [68]
Microsporum gypseum 0.25 [68]
Trichophyton erinacei 0.1 [68]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.2 [68]
Trichophyton terrestre 0.1 [68]
Thymus striatus Vahl. Alternaria alternata 1 [121]
Aspergillus flavus 1.5 [121]
Aspergillus niger 1 [121]
Aspergillus ochraceus 1 [121]
Aspergillus terreus 1 [121]
Aspergillus versicolor 1 [121]
Cladosporium cladosporioides 0.5 [121]
Epidermophyton floccosum 1 [121]
Microsporum canis 1.5 [121]
Penicillium funiculosum 2 [121]
Penicillium ochrochloron 2 [121]
Phomopsis helianthi 0.5 [121]
Trichoderma viride 2 [121]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 1 [121]
Thymus vulgaris L. Absidia spp. 7 ± 4 [122]
Alternaria spp. 9.4 ± 4.5 [122]
Alternaria alternata 4.7–500 [122,183]
Aspergillus spp. 3.2 [122]
Aspergillus flavus 9.35–1500 [64,104,122,125,184]
Aspergillus fumigatus 144–1000 [124,184]
Aspergillus niger 9.35–1250 [64,122,158,184]
Aspergillus ochraceus 2.5–750 [164,184]
Aspergillus parasiticus 1250 [64]
Aspergillus sulphureus 10.88 ± 3.1 [122]
Aspergillus versicolor 9.6 ± 9.25 [122]
Botrytis cinerea 312 [87]
Candida albicans 0.16–313 [73,74,116,158]
Candida glabrata 0.16–0.32 [116]
Candida krusei 0.08–0.16 [116]
Candida guillermondii 0.16 [116]
Candida parapsilosis 0.16–0.32 [116]
Candida tropicalis 0.16–0.32 [116]
Chaetomium globosum 1.6 [122]
Cladosporium spp. 12.8 [122]
Cladosporium sphaerospermum 19.6 [122]
Cryptococcus neoformans 78 [158]
Epidermophyton floccosum 4 [74]
Fusarium spp. 62.5 [185]
Fusarium delphinoides 900–1800 [85]
Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti 450–3600 [85]
Fusarium napiforme 900 [85]
Fusarium oxysporum 5–900 [85,126]
Fusarium solani 1800–3600 [85]
Fusarium verticillioides 900 [85]
Malassezia furfur 920 [174]
Microsporum canis 2.2 [74]
Mortierella spp. 250 [185]
Mucor spp. 50.2 ± 8.4 [122]
Penicilium spp. 18.95–500 [122,185]
Penicilium brevicompactum 19.6 [122]
Penicillium chrysogenum 312.5–1750 [64,184]
Penicilium chrysogenum 19.6 [122]
Penicillium citrinum 1250 [184]
Penicillium expansum 625 [87]
Penicillium griseofulvum 19.6 [122]
Rhizopus spp. 12.6 [122]
Rhodotorula glutinis 72 [73]
Rhizopus oryzae 256–512 [123]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 72 [73]
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 36 [73]
Stachybotrys chartarum 6.2 [122]
Trichoderma spp. 16.8 [122]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 2.2 [74]
Trichophyton rubrum 2–72 [74,124]
Trichophyton tonsurans 2.2 [74]
Ulocladium spp. 5.45 ± 1.5 [122]
Yarrowia lypolytica 36 [73]
Thymus zygis L. Candida albicans 0.16–0.32 [116]
Candida glabrata 0.32 [116]
Candida krusei 0.16–0.32 [116]
Candida guillermondii 0.16 [116]
Candida parapsilosis 0.32 [116]
Candida tropicalis 0.16–0.32 [116]
Penicillium corylophilum 0.3125–0.625 [165]
Vitex agnus-castus L. Candida albicans 0.53–512 [51,129]
Candida dubliniensis 0.27 [129]
Candida famata 2.13 [129]
Candida glabrata 0.27 [129]
Candida krusei 0.27 [129]
Candida lusitaniae 2.13 [129]
Candida parapsilosis 1.06 [129]
Candida tropicalis 0.13 [129]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.64–2.5 [128]
Microsporum canis 0.64–5 [128]
Microsporum gypseum 1.25–10 [128]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 1.25–10 [128]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.64–512 [51,128]
Zataria multiflora Boiss. Aspergillus flavus 358 [117]
Aspergillus niger 358 [117]
Aspergillus ochraceus 341 [117]
Aspergillus parasiticus 367 [117]
Aspergillus terreus 447 [117]
Microsporum canis 0.125–0.25 [130]
Microsporum gypseum 0.03–0.06 [130]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 0.03 [130]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.03–0.06 [130]
Trichophyton schoenleinii 0.125–0.6 [130]
Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Aspergillus flavus 48.82 [184,186]
Aspergillus fumigatus 1750 [184]
Aspergillus niger 3000 [184]
Aspergillus ochraceus 1500 [184]
Aspergillus parasiticus 48.82 [186]
Penicillium chrysogenum 3000 [184]
Penicillium citrinum 1750 [184]
Ziziphora tenuior L. Aspergillus flavus 1.25 [133]
Aspergillus fumigatus 0.64 [133]
Aspergillus niger 0.64 [133]
Candida albicans 1.25 [133]
Candida guillermondii 1.25 [133]
Candida krusei 1.25 [133]
Candida parapsilosis 1.25 [133]
Candida tropicalis 1.25 [133]
Cryptococcus neoformans 0.16 [133]
Epidermophyton floccosum 0.64 [133]
Microsporum canis 0.64–1.25 [133]
Microsporum gypseum 1.25 [133]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 1.25 [133]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 1.254 [133]
Trichophyton rubrum 0.64 [133]
Trichophyton verrucosum 0.64 [133]