Table 1.
Daily and overall mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) concentrations and ranges of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and cortisol in 10 Asian elephants (n = 5 male, 5 female).
| Parameter | Day | Time (hours) | Min-Max | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (ng/mL) | 06:00 | 10:00 | 14:00 | 18:00 | 22:00 | (ng/mL) | |
| sIgA | 1 | 60.61 ± 3.99 | 53.40 ± 5.63 | 43.69 ± 4.00 | 55.52 ± 6.62 | 55.04 ± 6.38 | 22.80–83.70 |
| 2 | 85.13 ± 11.4 | 61.62 ± 6.88 | 71.33 ± 7.27 | 51.89 ± 6.82 | 79.13 ± 7.75 | 19.87–150.18 | |
| 3 | 70.36 ± 8.68 | 42.85 ± 6.03 | 58.05 ± 5.4 | 39.17 ± 6.17 | 49.17 ± 4.92 | 13.71–96.19 | |
| Overall | 72.09 ± 5.07 a | 52.96 ± 3.69 b | 56.67 ± 3.57 a,b | 48.64 ± 3.76 b | 61.75 ± 4.29 a,b | 13.71–150.18 | |
| Cortisol | 1 | 0.82 ± 0.09 | 0.76 ± 0.10 | 0.86 ± 0.15 | 0.71 ± 0.31 | 0.55 ± 0.15 | 0.12–3.17 |
| 2 | 0.87 ± 0.17 | 0.56 ± 0.14 | 0.52 ± 0.05 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.48 ± 0.18 | 0.08–2.01 | |
| 3 | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.14 | 0.41 ± 0.10 | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.10–1.26 | |
| Overall | 0.79 ± 0.07 a | 0.61 ± 0.07 a,b | 0.59 ± 0.08 a,b | 0.46 ± 0.12 a,b | 0.45 ± 0.09 b | 0.08–3.17 | |
a,b Means within rows with different superscripts are significantly different for each biomarker (p < 0.05).