±LVdp/dtmax	Left ventricular maximum rate of positive or negative pressure development
5-HIAA	5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
5-HT	5-hydroxy tryptophan
A2780	Human ovarian cancer cell line
A549	Adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell line
ACC	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Ach	Acetylcholine
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
ADAM10	A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10
AGE	Advanced glycation end product
Akt	Protein kinase B
ALT	Alanine aminotransferase
AMPK	Adenosine Monophosphate Activated Protein Kinase
Ang II	Angiotensin II
APJ	Apelin receptor
APP	Amyloid precursor protein
AST	Aspartate transaminase
ATG5	Autophagy-related gene 5
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
AUC	Area under the curve
Aβ	Amyloid β
Bax	BCL2-associated X protein
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
bFGF	Basic fibroblast growth factor
BUN	Blood urea nitrogen
CA 19-9	Cancer antigen 19-9
CA1	Carbonic anhydrase 1
CAT	Catalase
CCL4	Carbon tetrachloride
CCR3	CC chemokine receptor 3
CD-1	Cluster of differentiation 1
CD133+	Cluster of differentiation 1
CD34+	Cluster of differentiation 1
CEA	Carcinoembryonic antigen
ChAT	Choline acetyltransferase
CK-MB	Creatine Kinase-MB
Clec7a	C-type lectin domain family 7-member A
Col IV	Collagen type IV
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
CT26	Colorectal cancer cell line
CTGF	Connective tissue growth factor
CXCR4	Chemokine receptor 4
DBP	Diastolic blood pressure
dNTP	Deoxynucleoside triphosphates
EMT	Epithelial mesenchymal transition
eNOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
EPO	Erythropoietin
EPOR	Erythropoietin receptors
FBG	Fasting blood glucose
FN	Fibronectin
FOXO1	Fork head box protein O1
FPI	Fasting plasma insulin
FSH	Follicle-stimulating hormone
FST	Forced swim test
G6pase	Glucose-6 phosphatase
GAP-43	Growth-associated protein 43
GDNF	Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor
GLUT4	Glucose transporter 4
Grb10	Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
GS	Glycogen synthase
GSH-PX	glutathione peroxidase
GSK-3β	Glycogen synthase kinase beta
GSP	Glycated serum protein
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
HBL-100	Human breast mammary gland cell line
HCT116	Human colorectal carcinoma cell line
HDL-C	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HFD	High fat diet
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
HMGCR	Hydroxymethyl glutaric acid acyl CoA reductase
HO-1	Haem oxygenase-1
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
HPA	Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
HSCs	Hepatic stellate cells
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IDO	Indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase
IgE	Immunoglobulin E
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor 1
IGF-1R	Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
IKKβ	Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta
IL-10	Interleukin-10
IL-1β	Interleukin-1β
IL-4	Interleukin-4
IL-5	Interleukin-5
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IL-8	Interleukin-8
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
Insig1	Insulin-induced gene 1
IPGTT	Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate 1
ISO	Isoproterenol
IκBα	Inhibitor of kappa B alpha
JAK2	Janus kinase2
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinases
KWI	Kidney weight index
LC3	Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
LDL-C	Low density lipoprotein cholesterol
LH	Luteinizing hormone
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LVEDP	Left ventricular end diastolic pressure
LVESP	Left ventricular end-systolic pressure
LY294002	2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran- 4-one
MAPK	Mitogen activated protein kinase
MBP	Mean blood pressure
MCF-7	Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MG63	Human osteosarcoma cell line
MGL1	Macrophage galactose-type lectin 1
MI/R	Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
MI	Myocardial infarction
MMP-16	Matrix metalloproteinases-16
MMP-2	Matrix metalloproteinases-2
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinases-9
MMR	Measles mumps and rubella vaccine
MPO	Myeloperoxidase
MPTP	1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine
mRNA	Messenger ribonucleic acid
mtDNA	Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid
MyoD	Myoblast determination protein
MyoG	Myogenin
N2a	Neuroblastoma 2a cell line
NE	Norepinephrine
NF-κB	Nuclear factor-κB
NGF	Nerve growth factor
NO	Nitric oxide
Nox4	NADPH oxidase 4
NQO1	NADPH quinone 1
NRF-1	Nuclear respiratory factor 1
NSCLC	Non-small cell lung cancer
OGTT	Oral glucose tolerance test
p-AMPK	Phosphorylated Adenosine Monophosphate Activated Protein Kinase
PARP	Poly-ADP ribose polymerase
PC12	Pheochromocytoma cell line
PDGF	Platelet derived growth factor
PEPCK	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PGC1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
PGF2α	Prostaglandin F2 alpha
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PMA	Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate
RACK1	Receptor of activated protein C kinase 1
RBG	Random blood glucose
RhoA	Ras homolog gene family member A
ROCK1	Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SBP	Systolic blood pressure
Scd2	Steaoryl-coenzyme A desaturase 2
SD	Sprague Dawley
SiRNA	Short interfering ribonucleic acid
Sirt1	Sirtuin 1
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
STZ	Streptozotocin
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
T-47D	Human breast cancer cell line
TC	Total cholesterol
TG	Triglycerides
TGF-β1	Transforming growth factor-β1
TH	Tyrosine hydroxylase
THP-1	Human leukemia monocytic cell line
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-α
TP	Triptolide
TrkB	Tropomyosin receptor kinase B
TST	Tail suspension test
TUNEL	Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick-End labelling
U2OS	Human osteosarcoma cell line
ULK	Unc-51-like kinases
UPE	Urinary protein excretion
VCAM-1	Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR2	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
WiDr	Colon adenocarcinoma cell line
α-SMA	Alpha smooth muscle actin