Table 3.

Results of pH, osmolality, zeta potential, and particle size of CF–PN samples.

PN Admixture	CF:PN Volume Ratio	pH ± SD		Osmolality ± SD (mOsm/kg H2O)		Zeta Potential ± SD (mV)		MDD ± SD (nm)
		0 h	4 h	0 h	4 h	0 h	4 h	0 h	4 h
PN1	1:1	6.24 ± 0.01	6.24 ± 0.01	607 ± 3	601 ± 5	−7.26 ± 0.47	−8.22 ± 0.35	212.9 ± 2.8	212.7 ± 2.7
PN1	2:1	6.04 ± 0.01	6.04 ± 0.00	494 ± 3	495 ± 3	−5.72 ± 0.73	−5.54 ± 0.23	218.7 ± 2.3	210.0 ± 3.3 *
PN2	1:1	6.22 ± 0.01	6.22 ± 0.00	633 ± 3	629 ± 3	−6.49 ± 0.20	−7.07 ± 0.61	216.4 ± 2.7	214.0 ± 1.4
PN2	2:1	6.03 ± 0.01	6.03 ± 0.01	511 ± 2	510 ± 1	−3.63 ± 0.51	−4.43 ± 0.09	213.4 ± 0.8	212.4 ± 2.7
PN3	1:1	6.14 ± 0.00	6.14 ± 0.00	701 ± 2	712 ± 3	−5.87 ± 0.16	−7.04 ± 0.42	215.0 ± 2.5	212.8 ± 1.7
PN3	2:1	6.00 ± 0.01	6.00 ± 0.01	548 ± 7	545 ± 3	−3.31 ± 0.27	−3.41 ± 0.31	214.3 ± 2.5	212.4 ± 1.7
PN4	1:1	6.09 ± 0.01	6.09 ± 0.01	724 ± 2	725 ± 1	−4.86 ± 0.31	−5.41 ± 0.51	214.5 ± 3.7	214.4 ± 2.0
PN4	2:1	6.00 ± 0.01	5.93 ± 0.02 *	554 ± 4	555 ± 3	−2.50 ± 0.15	−2.44 ± 0.54	215.3 ± 0.6	212.5 ± 2.2
PN5	1:1	6.32 ± 0.01	6.31 ± 0.01	601 ± 1	608 ± 1	−9.02 ± 0.80	−10.26 ± 0.33	214.3 ± 0.9	211.0 ± 0.6
PN5	2:1	6.15 ± 0.01	5.95 ± 0.01 *	493 ± 6	492 ± 3	−4.91 ± 0.60	−7.27 ± 0.09	215.6 ± 2.8	209.7 ± 1.6
PN6	1:1	6.29 ± 0.01	6.29 ± 0.01	634 ± 4	638 ± 5	−8.46 ± 0.48	−10.31 ± 0.55	214.6 ± 2.3	213.2 ± 3.0
PN6	2:1	6.12 ± 0.01	5.98 ± 0.01 *	511 ± 6	511 ± 3	−4.72 ± 0.63	−6.10 ± 0.19	215.2 ± 2.3	210.2 ± 0.8
PN7	1:1	6.21 ± 0.01	6.12 ± 0.00 *	689 ± 4	686 ± 1	−8.91 ± 0.62	−12.80 ± 0.56 *	216.3 ± 2.2	214.4 ± 2.4
PN7	2:1	6.08 ± 0.00	5.88 ± 0.01 *	540 ± 2	547 ± 5	−7.63 ± 0.23	−10.77 ± 0.32	214.5 ± 2.1	212.4 ± 2.4
PN8	1:1	6.17 ± 0.01	6.10 ± 0.00 *	730 ± 5	715 ± 2 *	−7.93 ± 0.62	−9.20 ± 0.41	218.6 ± 3.1	216.1 ± 4.3
PN8	2:1	6.04 ± 0.02	5.87 ± 0.01 *	558 ± 1	564 ± 1	−5.26 ± 0.31	−6.01 ± 0.23	216.6 ± 4.1	214.2 ± 4.0
PN9	1:1	6.26 ± 0.01	6.28 ± 0.01	535 ± 5	531 ± 8	−10.00 ± 0.36	−12.37 ± 0.32	215.8 ± 2.9	211.7 ± 3.6
PN9	2:1	6.06 ± 0.01	6.04 ± 0.01	441 ± 6	441 ± 5	−6.66 ± 0.96	−8.52 ± 0.91	214.5 ± 3.7	214.9 ± 2.7
PN10	1:1	6.23 ± 0.01	6.24 ± 0.01	553 ± 1	555 ± 5	−8.72 ± 0.23	−8.77 ± 0.63	217.7 ± 4.6	214.2 ± 3.1
PN10	2:1	6.05 ± 0.01	6.00 ± 0.02 *	453 ± 5	455 ± 5	−5.41 ± 0.67	−5.68 ± 0.52	215.0 ± 4.4	214.7 ± 4.3
PN11	1:1	6.06 ± 0.01	6.06 ± 0.01	634 ± 0	626 ± 3	−7.33 ± 0.26	−7.46 ± 0.72	220.6 ± 4.0	216.1 ± 1.6
PN11	2:1	5.90 ± 0.00	5.90 ± 0.01	503 ± 7	502 ± 6	−6.22 ± 0.43	−5.82 ± 0.35	212.5 ± 2.2	211.9 ± 1.9
PN12	1:1	6.13 ± 0.01	6.15 ± 0.02	654 ± 4	653 ± 5	−7.13 ± 0.47	−6.81 ± 0.19	218.4 ± 4.7	213.1 ± 3.1
PN12	2:1	6.03 ± 0.01	5.88 ± 0.02 *	521 ± 4	520 ± 3	−4.79 ± 0.54	−5.32 ± 0.14	214.5 ± 3.7	214.7 ± 3.3
PN13	1:1	6.29 ± 0.01	6.25 ± 0.02	613 ± 4	610 ± 5	−9.93 ± 0.70	−15.80 ± 0.40 *	323.8 ± 2.7	323.6 ± 3.6
PN13	2:1	6.08 ± 0.01	6.04 ± 0.00	497 ± 7	497 ± 2	−14.43 ± 0.49	−14.13 ± 1.63	325.7 ± 7.0	330.0 ± 8.3
PN14	1:1	6.26 ± 0.01	6.26 ± 0.01	628 ± 1	629 ± 4	–12.97 ± 0.55	−11.27 ± 1.21	326.5 ± 6.4	326.7 ± 5.2
PN14	2:1	6.06 ± 0.01	6.05 ± 0.01	503 ± 1	506 ± 3	–10.47 ± 1.14	−11.57 ± 1.31	322.4 ± 7.0	317.9 ± 1.7
PN15	1:1	6.13 ± 0.01	6.12 ± 0.00	681 ± 3	675 ± 3	−11.47 ± 0.85	−11.13 ± 0.76	323.9 ± 2.2	319.9 ± 5.2
PN15	2:1	5.99 ± 0.01	5.99 ± 0.01	537 ± 3	533 ± 3	−11.30 ± 0.30	−9.10 ± 0.93	325.5 ± 5.0	320.5 ± 5.3
PN16	1:1	6.13 ± 0.01	6.14 ± 0.00	723 ± 6	717 ± 2	−10.45 ± 0.70	−8.85 ± 0.91	323.4 ± 5.4	324.3 ± 1.1
PN16	2:1	5.99 ± 0.01	6.00 ± 0.02	563 ± 4	559 ± 1	−11.17 ± 0.75	−6.75 ± 1.25 *	321.8 ± 4.8	324.7 ± 3.5
PN17	1:1	6.33 ± 0.02	6.27 ± 0.01 *	624 ± 1	626 ± 5	−16.27 ± 0.71	−14.63 ± 0.55	329.0 ± 10.6	325.2 ± 4.5
PN17	2:1	6.17 ± 0.02	5.89 ± 0.01 *	501 ± 6	503 ± 3	−15.27 ± 1.02	−11.83 ± 0.75	328.4 ± 1.7	328.5 ± 4.3
PN18	1:1	6.32 ± 0.02	6.22 ± 0.02 *	602 ± 5	597 ± 8	−26.30 ± 0.56	−18.13 ± 0.40 *	326.4 ± 4.1	332.7 ± 7.2
PN18	2:1	6.14 ± 0.01	5.82 ± 0.02 *	484 ± 1	484 ± 5	−21.03 ± 2.06	−12.53 ± 0.7 *	325.8 ± 6.0	329.5 ± 8.3

* = significance p < 0.05 differences between value of t = 4 h and t = 0 h.