Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P-MRS) studies included in the review (alphabetical order).
| Authors | Participantsa | Age at PD Onsetb | Disease Duration | PD Clinical Scalesc | Medications | 31P-MRS | Area of Interest | Main Resultsd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Male/Femal) | (average) | (average) | Design | |||||
| Barbiroli et al. [24] | 13 PD (8/5) | 55.2 ± 10 s.d. | 11.7 ± 4.9 s.d. | H&Y | L-dopa (13 PD) | Resting-state | Occipital Lobes | Pi: PD > HC |
| 15 MSA (12/3) | (1.5T) | PCr: MSA < PD | ||||||
| 16 HC (N.A.) | ||||||||
| Brockmann et al. [25] | 13 GBA-PD (10/3) | 49.5 y.o. (from 28 to 65) | 5.5 (from 3 to 12) | UK Brain Bank Criteria | N.A. | Resting-state | Putamen | |
| 19 HC (11/8) | H&Y | (3T) | Midbrain | GPE: GBA-PD > HC | ||||
| UPDRS | ||||||||
| Hattingen et al. [26] | 29 PD (23/6) | N.A. | N.A. | UK Brain Bank Criteria | L-dopa (23/23) | Resting-state | Putamen | ATP: PD < HC |
| 19 HC (9/10) | H&Y | Dopamine Agonists (7/23) | (3T) | Midbrain | PCr: PD < HC | |||
| UPDRS | ||||||||
| Hilker et al. [22] | 2 PD PINK1+ HZ (0/2) | N.A. | 11.5 ± 0.7 s.d. | H&Y | L-dopa (2 PD PINK1 HZ) | Resting-state | Putamen | βATP; PCr: PINK1+ HZ > PINK1- DZ, HC |
| 9 PD PINK1- DZ (7/2) | UPDRS | (3T) | GPC; GPE: PINK1+ HZ > PINK1- DZ, HC | |||||
| 23 HC (6/17) | ||||||||
| Hu et al. [27] | 10 PD (N.A.) | N.A. | 5.9 ± 3.8 s.d. | UK Brain Bank Criteria | L-dopa (10/10) | Resting-state | Temporoparietal Cortex | Bilateral Temporoparietal: |
| 9 HC (N.A.) | H&Y | Dopamine Agonists (4/10) | (1.5T) | Occipital Cortex | Pi/βATP: PD > HC | |||
| Thalamus | Right Temporoparietal: | |||||||
| Pallidus | Pi: PD > HC | |||||||
| Midbrain | Thalamus, Pallidus, Midbrain: | |||||||
| βATP: PD < HC | ||||||||
| PME/βATP; PDE/βATP; PCr/βATP: | ||||||||
| PD > HC | ||||||||
| Montagna et al. [28] | 10 PD (7/3) | 55.6 ± 7.3 s.d. | 6.8 ± 4.7 s.d. | H&Y | L-dopa (10/10) | Resting-state | Frontal Lobes | Pi: PD > HC |
| 9 HC (9/0) | (1.5T) | Basal Grey structures | ||||||
| Rango et al. [23] | 20 PD (10/10) | N.A. | 7 ± 2.5 s.d. | UK Brain Bank Criteria | L-dopa (20/20) | Functional | Visual Cortex | PCr + βATP (Recovery): PD < HC |
| 20 HC (10/10) | H&Y | Dopamine Agonists (6/20) | (1.5T) | |||||
| Rango et al. [29] | 1 PD PINK1 DZ (0/1) | 46 | 16 | UPDRS | L-dopa (10/10) | Functional | Visual Cortex | PCr + βATP (rest): EOPD < PD; HC |
| 10 PD (0/10) | N.A. | N.A. | L-dopa + Dopamine Agonist (PD PINK1) | (1.5T) | PCr + βATP (activation): EOPD < PD; HC | |||
| 10 HC (0/10) | PCr + βATP (recovery): EOPD < PD; HC | |||||||
| Weiduschat et al. [30] | 20 PD (10;10) | N.A. | N.A. | UK Brain Bank Criteria | L-dopa (4M;2F) | Resting-state | Striatum | HEP: Male PD < Female PD |
| Dopamine Agonists (2M;4F) | (3T) | Temporoparietal GM | ||||||
| 12 HC (7;5) | UPDRS | |||||||
| Weiduschat et al. [31] | 20 PD (10;10) | 55.6 ± 12.0 s.d. | 3.2 ± 1.8 s.d. | UK Brain Bank Criteria | L-dopa (3/10) | Resting-state | Striatum | No energetics difference |
| 15 HC | UPDRS | L-dopa + Dopamine agonists (3/10) | (3T) | Temporoparietal GM | between control and PD at | |||
| H&Y | Dopa agonists (5/10) | Early Stage |
a PD: Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease; MSA: Multiple system atrophy; HC: Healthy controls; GBA-PD: Parkinson’s disease with GBA gene mutation; PD-PINK1 +: Parkinson’s disease with PINK1 gene mutation with severe symptoms; PD-PINK1-: Parkinson’s disease with PINK1 gene mutation with mild symptoms; HZ: Homozygous; DZ: Dizygous; b s.d.: Standard deviation; N.A: Not available; c: H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr scale; UK Brain Bank Criteria: UK Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank Diagnostic Criteria; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; d: Pi: Inorganic phosphate; PCr: Phosphocreatine; Cr: Creatine; GPE: Glycerophosphoethanolamine; GPC: Glycerophosphocholine; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; PME: Phosphomonoester; PDE: Phosphodiester; HEP: High-energy phosphates.