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DNA damage GFP-reporter activation in response to metal and metal oxide NPs. ToxTracker reporter activation in live cells was measured as GFP-fluorescence using flow cytometry. The Bscl2-GFP and Rtkn-GFP report on DNA damage associated with ATR/Chk1 or NF- kB signaling, respectively. The results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean of three or four independent experiments (n = 3–4).
