Table 2.
Examples of the fabrication of electrospun PLLA scaffolds for TE applications.
| Solvent | PLLA Concentration | Applied Voltage | Solution Flow Rate | Spinneret-Collector Distance | Collector Type | Nanofiber Morphology | Average Nanofiber Diameter | TE Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dichloromethane (DCM) | 4 wt% | 20–30 kV | 14 µL/min | 15 cm | Flat plate | Randomly oriented, porous, bead-free PLLA nanofibers | 775 ± 294 nm | Bone TE | [157,158] |
| DCM/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (9:1 v/v) | 5 wt% | 15 kV | 2 mL/h | 15 cm | Flat plate | Randomly oriented, smooth, bead-free PLLA nanofibers | 500 ± 110 nm | Bone, blood vessels or cartilage | [159] |
| Chloroform (CHL)/Methanol (4:1 v/v) |
5 wt% | 20 kV | 1 mL/h | 12 cm | Drum rotating at 400 rpm | Randomly oriented, smooth, bead-free PLLA nanofibers | 563 ± 177 nm | Bladder smooth muscle | [160] |
| CHL/DMF (4:1 v/v) |
3 wt% | 20 kV | 1 mL/h | 12 cm | Drum rotating at 400 rpm | Randomly oriented, smooth, bead-free PLLA nanofibers | 171 ± 62 nm | Bladder smooth muscle | [160] |
| DCM/DMF (60:40 v/v) |
10 w/v% | 15 kV | 0.5 mL/h | 10 cm | Flat plate | Randomly oriented, smooth, bead-free PLLA nanofibers | 360 ± 174 nm | Not specified | [161] |
| DCM/DMF (60:40 v/v) |
10 w/v% | 15 kV | 0.5 mL/h | 10 cm | Flat collector with 2 dielectric boards | Aligned, smooth, bead-free PLLA nanofibers | 487 ± 167 nm | Not specified | [161] |
| HFIP | 10 wt% | 2 kV/cm | 100 µL/min | 15 cm | Flat plate | Randomly, oriented, smooth, bead-free PLLA nanofibers | 1 µm | Heart tissue constructs | [162] |