Figure 4.

Cytokine levels in the ascites fluid of mice infected with T. gondii. Concentrations levels of interferon-gamma (FN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly elevated in mice treated with immunobiotic (IB) compared to mice in the control group (PBS) and paraprobiotic (PP) but without significant differences between the PBS and PP groups (a–c). The administration of the paraprobiotic treatment significantly increased the concentration of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) compared to the group treated with PBS, however, no significant difference between the PP and IB groups or between the IB and PBS groups (d). Data were combined from two individual experiments with three to five mice per group. Values represent the means ± SD. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; **** p < 0.0001. PBS) phosphate buffered saline; IB) immunobiotic; PP) paraprobiotic.