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. 2020 Jan 19;9(1):84. doi: 10.3390/antiox9010084

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of DP extract on changes in kidney injury biomarkers in the urine of STZ-induced diabetic rats. (A) Changes in urinary microalbumin and creatinine. Values are expressed as the mean ± S.D. for 6 rats. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s HSD post hoc test for multiple comparisons. ** p < 0.01 compared to vehicle control; ## p < 0.01 compared to STZ-treated group. (B) Changes in the urinary excretion of kidney injury biomarkers in STZ-induced diabetic rats by the administration of DP and metformin. Representative Western blots of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), selenium binding protein-1 (SBP1), and pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M2 (PKM2) levels in the urine of rats. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference test (HSD) post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. ** p < 0.01 compared to vehicle control; # p < 0.05, and ## p < 0.01 compared to the STZ-treated group. (C) Changes in the levels of 3-indoxyl sulfate (3-IS) in STZ-induced diabetic rats after treatment with DP extract and metformin. Concentration of 3-IS in the urine, serum, and kidney tissues was measured by HPLC analysis. Values are expressed as the mean ± S.D. for 6 rats. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test for multiple comparisons. ** p < 0.01 compared to vehicle control; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 compared to the STZ-treated group.