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. 2020 Jan 9;10(1):110. doi: 10.3390/ani10010110

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Diagram elucidating the interaction between the impact of seasonal heat stress and the hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian axis and its mechanism of affecting dairy cow fertility. The lower luteinizing hormone (LH) surge is related to a decreased secretion of follicular estradiol (E2). Lower levels of androstenedione (An) and E2 levels are responsible for decreasing the dominance of preovulatory follicle and is related to poor estrous behavior. Likewise, impaired concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and inhibin are related to the increased number of medium-sized follicles. Impaired competence of maturing oocyte and developing embryo is due to the disturbed nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. Reduced reproductive efficiency in dairy cows is the ultimate outcome of heat stress.