Table 3.
Classification of PVA crosslinkers and respective applications [92].
| Crosslinker | Structure | Functionality | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glutaraldehyde | Aliphatic dialdehyde | Two–CHO groups | Reducing oxygen permeability. |
| Drug delivery applications | |||
| Proton exchange membrane | |||
| Ultrafiltration membranes | |||
| Pervaporation systems | |||
| Coating | |||
| Maleic acid | Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids | Two–COOH groups | Separation processes |
| Fumaric acid | Pervaporation systems | ||
| Malic acid | Pervaporation systems | ||
| Sulfosuccinic acid | Proton and methanol transport | ||
| Phthalic acid | Aromatic dicarboxylic acids | Development of polysulfone (PS) membranes |
|
| Iso-phthalic acid | |||
| Terephthalic acid | |||
|
Aconitic acid
(cis and trans) |
Aliphatic tricarboxylic acids | Three–COOH groups | Development of polysulfone membranes |
| Citric acid | Support membrane for polysulfone | ||
| Hexamethylene diisocyanate | Aliphatic diisocyanate | Two–NCO groups | Improved thermal and mechanical properties of PVA |
| Boric acid | Non-linear | Three–OH groups | Improved melting behavior of PVA |